Dermatophytosis (ringworm), an infection of the superficial keratinized structures of the skin and hair, is the most common contagious skin disease in cattle. It is a remarkable public and veterinary health problem reported from different parts of the world and causes great economic loss. A number of calves were simultaneously affected with this disease in the cattle farm of Bangladesh Livestock Research Institute (BLRI). So, this study was undertaken to develop a suitable treatment approach for controlling the disease in the herd. A total of 20 calves of Red Chittagong Cattle (RCC) were selected for the trial. All the experimental calves were divided into five groups namely – T₀, T₁, T₂, T₃ and T₄. T₀ group was kept as control and T₁, T₂, T₃ and T₄ groups were allowed for treatment. The drugs used for treatment were griseofulvin, streptomycin-penicillin, antihistaminic and vitamin AD₃E in group T₁; ivermectin, streptomycin-penicillin, antihistaminic and vitamin AD₃E in T₂; topical antifungal ointment, griseofulvin, streptomycin-penicillin, antihistaminic and vitamin AD₃E in T₃; and topical antifungal ointment, ivermectin, streptomycin-penicillin, antihistaminic and vitamin AD₃E in group T₄. No drug was used in T₀ (control).The duration of the experiment was about one month. The fungal spores of Trichophyton spp., and Microsporum spp. were observed in the samples (skin scrapping) under microscope using 20% potassium hydroxide solution. All experimental calves were observed after 7 days to know the response of the treatment. On the basis of visual observation the result was recorded on day 14. All experimental calves were observed after 7 days to know the response of the treatment. On the basis of visual observation the result was recorded on day 14. Calves in control group remain same. Calves suffering from chronic dermatomycosis or dermatophytosis (ringworm) can be treated with topical antifungal ointment, griseofulvin tablet, streptonmycin-penicillin injection, antihistaminic injection and vitamin AD₃E injection as per dosages used in this experiment. If the case is acute, topical antifungal ointment and griseofulvin tablet may be recommended as treatment measures. Vitamin AD₃E may or may not be used in this case.

An agronomical trial on Napier fodder was conducted to determine the biomass yield and chemical composition with the effect of different sources of organic manures such as biogas slurry, broiler litter and layer litter for fodder production. There was significant (P<0.05) difference in biomass yield and chemical composition among different treatment groups. The maximum biomass yield (mt/ha) was observed in layer litter (16.67^a± 0.89) followed by Broiler litter (10.05^bc ± 0.10), Biogas slurry (08.97^bc± 0.99) and control group (06.65^c± 0.90; respectively. It also showed that number of tiller/hill was significantly (P≤0.05) differed among the treatments and maximum observed in layer litter (19.50^a ± 1.05) than others. The DM% in all groups was mostly similar but DM yield was the highest (19.11± 0.44%)) in layer litter compared to others group.  It may be suggested that layer litter may be used as organic sources of fertilizer as well as the soil health and fodder cultivation for small to large scale farmers in Bangladesh.

The study was performed for investigating the dietary effect of different levels of mushroom (Agaricus bisporus) powder on the performance of broiler. Four experimental rations designated as T₀, T₁, T₂ and T₃ having 0g, 5g, 8g and 10g dried mushroom powder/kg of feed was fed to 120 broiler chicks (Cobb 500), randomly distributed into 8 replicates, so as to have 2 replicates per treatment containing 15 chicks in each. The experiment was carried out for 30 days. Average weight gain, feed consumption, feed efficiency, dressing yield and survivability were used as criteria of response to feeding mushroom powder. Organs weight including heart, liver and gizzard were also recorded. The mean body weight per broiler was 1292.24, 1501.66, 1445.19 and 1434.97g in 30 days for the treatment of groups T₀, T₁, T₂, and T₃ respectively (P<0.01). The average feed consumption per broiler was 2374.77, 2273.55, 2283.86 and 2276.3g (P<0.01) in 30 days for the groups of T₀, T₁, T₂, and T₃ respectively. The average feed efficiency (feed/kg body weight gain) was 1.84, 1.52, 1.58 and 1.59 (P<0.01) in 30 days for group T₀, T₁, T₂, and T₃ respectively. The mean dressing yield was 57.16%, 60.63%, 58.89% and 61.42% (P<0.01) for the groups of T₀, T₁, T₂, and T₃ respectively. The average weight of abdominal fat 2.69%, 1.55%, 1.74% and 1.65% (P<0.01) and heart was 8.5, 10.25, 8.5 and 7.6g (P<0.05). The average weight of liver was 43.1, 43.5, 46 and 43.5g (P>0.05) for the groups of T₀, T₁, T₂, and T₃ respectively. The mean gizzard weight was 35.25, 35, 34.5 and 35.75g (P>0.05) for the groups of T₀, T₁, T₂, and T₃ respectively. Survivability was 100%, for all the groups of T₀, T₁, T₂, and T₃ respectively. It may be concluded that the use of mushroom as feed additive at a level of 5g enhances the overall performance of broiler chicks.

The present study was conducted in the selected Malotipur village of Muktagachha upazila under Mymensingh district during 13 to 28 April, 2014. The sample size of the study was 90 fish farmers (43 percent of population) and it was drown from a population of 209 using simple random sampling technique. Eight (8) selected characteristics of farmers viz.: age, level of education, family size, farm size, annual income, credit received, training experience and cosmopoliteness were considered as the independent variables, while the attitude of the farmers towards Pangas farming was the dependent variable of the study. The focus variable i.e. attitude of farmers towards Pangas farming was measured with a 5 point likert scale such as „strongly agree‟, „agree‟, „undecided‟, „disagree‟ and „strongly disagree‟ in Pangas farming and the corresponding scores were 5, 4, 3, 2 and 1 respectively. The findings indicated that the majority (50 percent) of the Pangas farmers had moderately favorable attitude towards Pangas farming compared to 31.1 percent having highly favorable and only 18.9 percent had slightly favorable attitude. The finding on problem faced by the farmers related to Pangas farming revealed that about two-third (65.6 percent) of the farmers had high problem followed by 20 percent low problems. Among eight selected characteristics of Pangas farmers five characteristics such as age, level of education; annual income, training experience and cosmopoliteness had significant positive relationships with their attitude towards Pangas farming. On the other hand, the other two characteristics of pangas farmers such as family size and farm size had positive but no significant relationships with their attitude towards Pangas farming.

The present study was undertaken with a view to finding out the carps poly-culture technique, pond management and cost analysis in Mohanpur, Rajshahi region of Bangladesh. The study was conducted for a period of four months (October 2010 to February 2011). It provides an overview on the guiding principles, aspects and tasks, and presents the applicable production techniques and patterns of carp polyculture. It is expected that this publication will help identify resources and contribute to the successful planning and realization of fish production by those fish pond owners and operators who need to strengthen and improve their knowledge on the subject.

This study focuses mainly on the traditional fish drying activities and role of women in fish drying sector in Chalanbeel area of northern part of Bangladesh. The study covers three different drying spots of Natore and Pabna districts. A total of 13 dried fish producer, 18 male worker and 27 female workers were selected for the study. The study was conducted over a period of six month from September to February 2014. In these study areas, sun drying of fish is generally carried out on bamboo made rack. Total 21 species were gradually used for drying selected from the local fish market and directly from the fishermen of Chalanbeel. The amount of salt used in fish drying ranges 2-4kg/40 kg fish. The dried fishes were bagged into a plastic and jute bags. The dried fish producers usually sell their products weekly from their storage. The lowest price of dried fish is 300-400 Tk./ kg for Punti and highest is 800 Tk./kg for Boal. The monthly production of the study areas ranges 1.8-4.00 mt. However, women play a significant role in dry fish processing. The paper points out that the sample women are involved in different income generating activities like drying, sorting and grading, cleaning and salting and monthly income derived from those activities vary in peak and lean season. The paper also identifies that the highest 51.85% women were found in 25-40 years age groups and the lowest 7.41% was found in 50-70 years age group and also 40.74% was found in 10-25 years age group which were (children) involved in drying activities instead of spending time in school. In the study areas 55.56% women were married, 40.74% were unmarried and 3.70% were widow. The highest percentage of family type (59.26%) was found as nuclear and the joint family was 40.74%. The educational status of women in drying point was 40.74% illiterate, 37.04% had education up to primary level 11.11% capable of sign only and 11.11% reach up to secondary level. Most of the respondents live in kacha house.59.26% of housing condition were kacha, 22.22% were semi-pucca and 18.52% were pucca. 33.33% people used own-tube well and 59.26% people used others-tube well for drinking water and household purposes while 7.41% used kua. From the study, it was found that 70.37% respondents had electricity connection and 29.63% had no electricity connection. In study areas, 59.26% respondents use defected semipucca, 29.63% respondents use kacha and 11.11% respondents use pucca sanitary latrine. In both study area, 100% of interviewed respondents were Muslim with no other religious person.

Shoot tip and nodal segment explants from field grown plants were used as experimental materials in this investigation. All explants were cultured on MS medium supplemented with various plant growth regulators. For surface sterilization of explants, HgCl₂ (0.1%) for 2 minutes was found to be most effective for complete killing of surface pathogens and getting healthy tissues. Shoot regeneration was observed from both shoot tips and nodal explants for the studied plant. Various concentrations of BAP (0.1, 0.2, 0.3mg/l) and GA₃ (0.1, 0.2, 0.3mg/l) were used for shoot multiplication. In case of BAP, the highest length of shoot was recorded 4 cm and the highest percentage of shoot multiplication (73%) was noticed in MS+0.2mg/l BAP. And in case of GA_3, the highest response for shoot multiplication (82%) was noticed in MS+ 0.1 mg/l GA₃.But among all of the media formulations used in this experiment, the highest response for shoot multiplication (95%) within7-10 days was noticed in hormone free MS media. In case of root regeneration, the highest percentage (96%) of root induction was recorded in MS medium supplemented with no hormone.

A study was conducted for assessing seed health status of four varieties of rice (Oryza sativa) viz. BR 11, BRRI Dhan 28, BRRI Dhan 29 and BRRI Dhan 40 and management of seed borne fungal pathogens by selected chemical namely Thiovit (4%) and a bio-control agent BAU-Biofungicide @ 2% (Trichoderma based preparation) at Seed Pathology Center (SPC) and M.S. Laboratory, Department of Plant Pathology, Bangladesh Agricultural University (BAU), Mymensingh. Seed health test by blotter method revealed that seven seed borne fungi belonging to six genera viz. Alternaria padwickii (0.5%-1%), Bipolaris oryzae (1%-6.5%), Curvularia lunata (1%-5.5%), Fusarium moniliforme (3%-8.5%), Fusarium oxysporum (2%-9%), Aspergillus flavus (0.5%-1.5%) and Penicillium spp (0.5%-1%) were associated with the seeds. Germination of seeds of the four selected rice varieties varied from 94% to 98.50% (blotter method). In treated seeds, germination ranged from 88-100%.  The highest germination (100%) was found in BRRI Dhan 28 when seeds were treated with BAU-Biofungicide and the lowest was (88%) in BRRI Dhan 29. The tested samples produced healthy seedlings (77 to 98%), diseased seedlings (2 to 15%), diseased seeds (0 to 7%) and dead seeds (0 to 5%). Upto 18.18% higher formation of healthy seedlings over control was achieved by treating seeds with BAU-Biofungicide and it also significantly decreased (upto 81.82%) formation of diseased seedlings over the control treatment. The highest vigor index (1306%) was in BRRI Dhan 28 when seeds were treated with BAU-Biofungicide and the lowest was (2805%) in BRRI Dhan 29 under control (untreated). Moreover, BAU-Biofungicide increased up to 81.82% Vigor index over untreated control.

The experiment was conducted to evaluate the comparative efficacy of ivermectin, neem and trichlorfon against humpsore in cattle. A total of 2765 cattle from different villages of Barisal and Patuakhali district were selected for the diagnosis of humpsore. The prevalence of humpsore was found to be 7.52% in the southern part of Bangladesh. Out of humpsore infected cattle, twenty five (25) cattle between 2 - 7 years of age and irrespective of sexes  having typical lesion on hump and neck were selected for the experiment divided into five equals groups (A, B, C, D and E) and each group consists of 05 cattle. Group A kept as control group. Group B was treated with ivermectin (Vermic^® @200 ug/kg body weight subcutaneously on 1^th and 14^th  day), group C with neem ointment (20%) topically twice daily for 25 days and group D with trichlorfon 10% (Negotox^®) topically twice daily for 25 days and group E was treated with combined ointment (Neem + Trichlorfon 10%) topically twice daily for 25 days. On the basis of the reduction of sore lesions of cattle in all treated groups, the efficacy of ivermectin, neem, trichlorfon and combined ointment (Neem + Trichlorfon 10%) were found 100%, 57.78%, 64.16% and 82.07% at 28 days of post treatment respectively. The present findings demonstrated that ivermectin was much more effective than others therapeutic trials against humpsore in cattle.

The aim of this study was to identify the recent husbandry practices of high yielding dairy cows including their production performances surrounding the Baghabari Milk Vita areas of Bangladesh. The survey was conducted on 15 households of Pabna (Santhia) and Sirajgonj (Shahjadpur) districts. Data were also collected from six bathans at Sahajadpur of Sirajgonj district. Medium scale farming (67%) observed more compared to small (27%) and large (7%) in the studied areas with maximum 20 milch cows. Highest average milk production recorded 213 liters per day in few households and the milk price varied between 31 to 35 BDT per liter. Most of the farmers (80%) used the semen of Milk Vita because of its excellence (73%) for better productivity in their progenies. About 73% farmers directly depended on Milk Vita for selling their cows’ milk while 27% on contract persons (Ghos). Two feeding systems were available in the surveyed areas based on the availability of greed grass/fodder: stall feeding (July to November) and bathan feeding (December to June). Total number of AI services (1.62) differed according to crossbreeds (P< 0.05) and rearing system (P< 0.01) with peak milk production 17.57 liters per day. Breeding of the high yielding cows was conducted through artificial insemination (80%) and mainly by the free semen of Milk Vita (80%). Hybrid fodder production, ensuring quality feed/ingredients and milk price, and recorded breeding based on predominant breed could strengthen the overall dairying at Baghabari Milk Vita regions of Bangladesh.

Experiments were carried out to investigate the host preference of cucurbit fruit fly, Bactrocera cucurbitae and its management to cucurbitaceous vegetables namely, bitter gourd, ridge gourd and snake gourd. Among the vegetables, bitter gourd was found as mostly preferable (upto 40.69% fruit infestation) and snake gourd was found as the least preferable (18.64% fruit infestation). Among management tactics (fruit bagging, neem oil, mahogany oil, alamonda leaf extract, pheromone trap and cider vinegar traps), bagging reduced maximum fruit infestation (upto 75.51%) compared to controlled plots. Among the botanicals, neem oil was mostly effective (21.64% reduction of fruit infestations) followed by alamonda leaf extract and mahogany oil. Both traps were found effective and more insect were trapped in the pheromone trap.

The study was carried out to improve egg production by decreasing the inter sequence pause days in indigenous chicken through the use of antiprolactin agent (Bromocriptine) and serum from laying hen. Sixty indigenous (deshi) chickens of 20-22 weeks of age, were randomly assigned into four groups (A, B, C and D) and each group consisting of 15 hens. Group A designated as control, group B was treated with Bromocriptine orally at a dose of 640 μg/bird/day, group C was treated with serum of laying hen at a dose of 1 ml intramuscularly/bird/day and group D was treated with both serum and Bromocriptine at doses given to group B and C for the period of 15 March, 2015 to 16 June, 2015 and egg production, pause days, prolactin level, hematological parameter and egg qualities were observed. Egg production increased significantly (p<0.05) in all treated groups compared to the non- treated control group and the highest production was recorded in group D. Pause days and prolactin levels decreased significantly (p<0.05) in all treated groups and lowest were recorded in hens of group D. No significant (p>0.05) differences were observed in hematological values among the group of chicken. The present study reveals that combined treatment with Bromocriptine and serum from laying hen increases egg production without affecting the health of indigenous chickens.

The study was conducted to determine the prevalence of clinical diseases and disorders in goats at Jhenaidah Sadar upazilla, Jhenaidah, Bangladesh. A total of 120 sick goats were examined during the period from September to November, 2015. The presumptive diagnosis of the diseases was performed on the basis of history, owner’s complaints, clinical findings and physical examination of patients. Among the diseases and disorders, parasitic infestation 34 (28.33%) case were highest in all cases. On the other hand, non specific fever 25 (20.83%), anorexia 14 (11.67%), peste des petits ruminants (PPR) 10 (8.33%), Gid disease 3 (2.5%), Diarrhea 5(4.17%), Myiasis wound 7(5.83%), Bloat 4(3.33%), Navel ill 2(1.67%), Pneumonia 7(5.83%), Vitamin and mineral deficiency 4(3.33%) and Dystocia 5(4.17%) were also recorded. It was also reported that adult (62.5%), female (66.67%) and Black Bengal goats (89.16%) were showed more susceptible to diseases than young (37.5%), male (33.33%) and Jamunapari (10.83%) goats. These results of the study might be helpful to develop effective prevention and control strategies against diseases and disorders in goats.

Study was conducted at Bangladesh Livestock Research Institute, Savar, Dhaka with the objectives (i) to assess the performances of three Indigenous Chicken genotypes under intensive management, (ii) to select parental birds (males and females) and breed them in an assortative design   for the production of fourth generation birds, and (iii) to estimate realized responses to selection to improve 3 Indigenous Chicken genotypes. A total of 1050-day-old chicks comprising of 3 types of chicken namely Naked Neck (NN), Hilly (H) and Non-descript Deshi (ND) were hatched in one batch for this study. In fourth generation (G₄), selection was practiced at 40-week of age on the basis of an index comprising the parameters of age at first egg (AFE), body weight (BW), egg production (EP) and egg weight (EW). Improvement target of egg weight was to increase by 1g, egg production rate was to increase by 2 % per generation. The data were analyzed by factorial arrangement in a CRD by General Linear Model (GLM) Univariate Procedure in SPSS Computer Program. Day old chick weight was significantly (p<0.001) highest in H (32.73±0.60 g). Significant (p<0.001) body weight differences among the genotypes were observed at 4^th , 8^th  and 12^th weeks of age , with the highest body weight observed for H genotype (252.66±2.05, 674.68±6.41 and 1193.74±36.34g) than other two genotypes in all stages of age. H genotype (4.05 %) had non-significantly (χ² = 0.775; p > 0.05) higher chick mortality than ND (3.10 %) and NN (2.92 %) genotypes at 0-8 weeks of age. The egg production up to 280 days was expected to increase by 3.34% for ND, 4.25% for H and 1.93% for NN, respectively. From the values obtained it was obvious that selection was effective in improving the percentage of egg production in three genotypes of chicken. The realized responses in terms of changes in breeding values in egg production and egg weight over generations were 0.722% and 5.349g, respectively. The negative genetic changes in age at first egg (-0.531 days) was in the expected direction. The realized response in age at first egg was found to decrease 0.531 days over two generations of selection. The realized response in the body weight at 40 weeks of age was found to be -0.001g due to selection over three generations. However, the results indicated that the genetic improvement for egg production in Indigenous Chicken will be effective through selection and breeding program. It may be concluded that the economic traits of Indigenous chicken could be improved in future generations through proper selection and planned mating.

The objectives of this study was to determine the comparative efficacy of some indigenous plants (Bironja, Turmeric and Verenda leaves) with that of patent drug Nilzan against Nematodiasis in sheep. Out of 85 sheep of indigenous breed 75 sheep which were suspected to be suffering from nematode, aged 2- 3 years and weighing about 10-12 kg were used for this study. The sheep were divided into 15 equal groups (Group A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, J, K, L, M, N and O). The collected Bironja, Turmeric and Verenda leaves were cut into small pieces and sun dried for 7 days followed by drying separately in a hot air woven at 45°C for 6 hours. Then alcoholic extracts of selected medicinal plants were prepared by mixing 100 gm of each grinded powdered sample with 250 ml of alcohol and kept in separate air tight bottle and labeled for further study. Administration of three different doses of powdered Bironja (3, 6 & 9 ml /kg body wt), Turmeric (2, 4 & 6 ml /kg body wt) and Verenda leaves (2, 4 & 6 ml /kg body wt) showed 13-40% , 11-15% and 4-7% efficacy respectively against nematodes in sheep. Administration of Nilzan (30 mg/kg body wt) orally was highly effective (73-89%) against all the species of nematodes in sheep. Among medicinal plants Bironja was found to be most effective followed by turmeric. Veranda leaves were found to be totally ineffective against nematodes in sheep. No significant change was observed following treatment with Bironja seeds, Turmeric, Verenda leaves and Nilzan on serum glucose and SGPT in sheep. Haematological parameters were not significantly altered following any of the doses of three medicinal plants and Nilzan in sheep.

The present study was undertaken to investigate the antidiabetic effect of the bitter melon and black cumin on alloxan induced diabetes in experimental rabbits. At 2 to 3 months of age, rabbits were assigned into five groups (A, B, C, D and E) and rabbits were included each group. Group A was kept as control, Group B was treated with alloxan intramuscularly at a dose of 75mg /kg body weight, Group C was treated with bitter melon at a dose of 150gm/kg body weight orally, Group D was treated with black cumin at a dose of 250mg/kg body weight orally, Group E was treated with combined at previous dose. After acclimatization, diabetes was induced in four groups of rabbits (B, C, D and E) by administering alloxan injection. There was significant (p<0.05) decreased in blood glucose level in all treated group C, D, E compared to the B group and lowest glucose was recorded in E group when treated with combined medicinal herbs and body weight was increased in all treated group C, D, E compared to the B group and highest was recorded in D group while treated with those. % of PCV level and Hbgm/dl concentration was the highest in group E which was treated with both black cumin and bitter melon compare to the A group. ESR was highest in group B treated with alloxan and lowest in group E. The present study demonstrated that combined treatment increased body weight and decreased glucose level without affecting health of rabbits.

The objective of this research was to evaluate the impact of organic and inorganic sources of nitrogen (N) on growth dynamics, yield, N content, N uptake and agronomic efficiency (AE) of irrigated rice. Four  high-yielding boro (dry season irrigated) rice cultivars viz. BRRI dhan29, BRRI dhan59 Binadhan-8 and Binadhan-10 along with six N management combinations viz. Control (no N application), 140 kg N ha^-1 from Prilled Urea (PU), 83 kg N ha^-1 from Urea Super Granule (USG), 105 kg N ha^-1 from PU + 3 t ha^-1 Poultry manure, 112 kg N ha^-1 from PU + 5 t ha^-1 Cowdung and  77 kg N ha^-1 from PU + 4 t ha^-1 vermi compost were used in the study. The cultivar Binadhan-8 had a higher yield than all other cultivars because of the highest total dry matter (TDM), number of effective tillers hill^-1, and number of grains panicle^-1.Growth, TDM, yield, and AE were highest with 105 kg N ha^-1 from PU + 3 t ha^-1 Poultry manure application .The highest N uptake in grain and straw (120.1 kg ha^-1 and 96.14 kg ha^-1, respectively) was shown by rice cultivar Binadhan-8. In addition, significant relationships between N concentration and growth dynamics, TDM, N content, N uptake, and yield were observed. These results indicated that cultivars with the capacity to uptake more N can produce more yield and N application along with poultry manure could enhance growth, yield, AE. Therefore, the combined application of N sources in the form of PU + Poultry manure can produce good performances in terms of growth and yield of HYV rice under irrigated condition.

An experiment was conducted to evaluate the feed quality of farm made feed from three upazila of Mymensingh district for four months from July to October, 2015. Fish feed samples were collected from various farms at Muktagacha, Phulpur and Trishal upazila of Mymensingh district. Total 30 feed samples were analyzed to determine the proximate composition and quality of farm made feed. Only one feed sample (F- 27) contains less than 12% moisture found in Trishal upazila. Maximum moisture value (24.53%) was found in feed sample F-13 in Phulpur upazila which indicated that this feed is poor quality compared to others. These may due to lack of maintenance at processing and may be due to improper storage system. Only four feeds were found having more than 25% protein. The analyzed crude protein contents of fish feed varied from 10.85 to 27.30%. The highest protein content was observed in feed (F-20) (27.30%) and the lowest was found in 10.85% in feed (F-22). The mean crude lipid values of the analyzed fish feeds varied from 5.79 to 22.95%. Highest lipid content was observed in 22.95% in feed (F-19). The analyzed mean ash content of fish feeds varied from 8.41 to 20.99%. The fiber content was observed within 4.35-8.20%. Ash content of feed (F-22) was found higher (20.99%) than other feeds. The analyzed nitrogen free extract (soluble carbohydrate) content of farm made fish feeds varied from 18.62 to 43.25%. The highest nitrogen free extract containing feed (F-25) having 43.25% NFE. The findings of this study demonstrated that low quality feeds and ingredients were supplied to the fish farmers by majority of feed traders and the farms with few exceptions were bound to use those ingredients due to their manufacture constraints.