Alternative winter cereals should be chosen to cope up with changing climate as wheat is facing drought stress as well as terminal heat stress and resulting drastic yield reduction. Therefore, a field experiment was carried out at the Agronomy Field Laboratory, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh during the period from November 2012 to March 2013 to find out the performance of wheat, barley and triticale as influenced by irrigation levels and terminal heat stress. The experimental factors comprised of three factors viz. three crop species, two date of sowing (18 November sowing and 24 December sowing) and three irrigation levels (completely irrigated, irrigation till booting and irrigation till flowering). The crop species comprised of wheat (var. BARI Gom-27), barley (var. BARI Barley-2) and triticale (var. BARI Triticale-2). The experiment was laid out in randomized complete block design with three replications. Crop species in 24 December sowing received higher temperature on their reproductive stages than 18 November sowing which could be considered as terminal heat stress. All the yield, yield components and grain dimensions were influenced by crop species, date of sowing, irrigation levels and their interactions. The interaction effect of crop species, date of sowing and irrigation levels showed significant in relation to yield and yield components except number of total tillers/plant, straw yield, biological yield, harvest index and number of grains/m2. The highest 1000-grain weight and grain yield were obtained from the interaction of wheat, 18 November sowing and completely irrigated condition. Result showed that yield and yield components of wheat, barley and triticale were increased with optimum sowing and completely irrigated condition and decreased with late sowing and less irrigation condition. Compared to optimum sowing, in late sowing condition with less irrigation the yield of wheat crop was reduced drastically than barley and triticale.

Quail industry has become a promising sector in livestock of Bangladesh in last decade. This study was aimed to find out the incidence of bacterial and viral diseases in Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica) in Bangladesh. This is the first report about the incidences of diseases in Japanese quail in Bangladesh. The incidences of diseases were investigated by the clinical signs, gross lesions in different organs and histopathological changes of different tissues in bacterial and viral diseases. A total number of 476 birds, either diseased or dead, from 40 quail farms were included in this study. The result showed that the occurrence of viral and bacterial diseases in Japanese quail were 25.21% and 34.45%, respectively where as 15.13% cases were mixed infection. Newcastle disease was found as most prevalent (11.35%) among the viral diseases. On the other hand, colibacillosis was the highest prevalent disease accounting for 15.34% among all bacterial diseases. Moreover, 22.48% cases were other types of infections (mycoplasmosis, coccidiosis, aspergillosis, deficiency disorder and internal parasitic problem) and 2.73% cases were unidentified. The highest numbers of diseases were found in the age group 21 to 30 days (23.53%) whilst the quails aged between 11 to 40 days (59.67) were most vulnerable to various diseases. The highest occurrences of diseases were found in rainy season (39.29%). It can be concluded that Newcastle disease and colibacillosis are the most frequent challenge for the quail farming in Bangladesh. Strict bio-security and proper management system might effectively reduce the incidences of the reported diseases.

Proline and ascorbic acid are important osmolytes responsible for drought tolerance in rice. The present study was conducted to determine proline and ascorbic acid content in the leaves of NERICA mutant lines and their parents under rainfed condition. The experiment was conducted in the Biotechnology division of Bangladesh Institute of Nuclear Agriculture and in the laboratory of the department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh. Proline and ascorbic acid contents were determinated by the method developed by Bates et al. 1973 and titrimetric method (Reo, 1954) respectively with three replication. As the experiment was conducted under rainfed condition and due to self-drought tolerance of NERICA lines, proline and ascorbic acid accumulate in significant amount.  Free proline content in the leaves of mutant rice lines varied from 9.38 mg/100g to 25.46 mg/100g with a mean value of 17.59 mg/100g. Here maximum proline content was found in N₁/300/P-8-3-3 (25.46 mg/100g) and minimum in N₄/350/P-2(1)-32-11 (9.38 mg/100g). Ascorbic acid content in the leaves of rice plant varied from 1.12mg/100g to 1.98 mg/100g with a mean value of 1.59 mg/100g. Here maximum accumulation of ascorbic acid was found in N₁/250/P-7-2-1 (1.98 mg/100g) and minimum in N₁/250/P-7-3-11 (1.12 mg/100g).

The present study was conducted with the aim to develop a meat type quail genotype for our existing farming system. A total of 1866 quails from four genotypes namely Japanese, White, Black and Brown were used in the study for this purpose. The parent males and females were maintained in cages for single pair mating through close breeding system for producing each generation. Eggs were hatched in a batch for producing third generation (G3). Egg weight were significantly influenced (p<0.05) by genotype. Highest egg weight was found in White (11.60±0.42) genotype followed by Japanese (10.35±0.30), Brown (10.30±0.42) and Black (9.78±0.65) quail genotypes. The highest hatchability of incubated eggs was found in Japanese (71.01%) genotype and lowest in Black (31.03%). White genotype of quail is significantly better for egg weight, chick weight and chick: egg ratio than that of their counterparts. Significantly higher body weight was found in Black (131.90 ± 1.24) genotype followed by White (131.86 ± 0.76), Brown (128.35 ±0.78) and Japanese (112.57 ± 0.53) quail genotype at different periods of age. Egg production was found significantly (p<0.001) differed by genotypes. Black genotype was found highest (97.31±1.05%) while White genotype was found lowest (84.23±0.67%) performer in terms of egg production. It was concluded that the Black quail genotype can be used for meat type quail development in the country for its higher body weight and egg production.

A study was conducted to know the problems and prospects fish nursery operators in Jessore district. A total of 50 nursery operators (Jessore sadar, Jikhorgasha and Avynagor) were interviewed using a structured questionnaire during March-May 2016. The objective of the survey was to study different aspects on pond area, fingerling rearing status, nursery layer, number of employees, sources of fingerlings, survival rate, fingerlings prices, market system, capital sources, fingerling production, prospects and problems for nursery operators. In survey areas, most of the nursery operators were continued their business in two to five ponds with an average area of 1.25±0.04 ha. In the present study, it was found that 4.5±3.25 persons were associated in each nursery but the permanent manpower was minimal. The total fingerlings production in the selected nurseries were 1685 laks of where silver carp 23.74%, Rohu 20.77%, Catla 19%, Mrigal 14.84%, Common carp 10.68%, Koi 2.97%, Thai Puti 5.93%, Grass Carp 1.19% and Pangus 0.89%.The survival rate were 70-80%. Average price of Indian major carps- were Tk. 350 to 500, Chinese carp were Tk. 200 to 400, Thai sharpunti were 350-400 and Pungus were Tk. 400-500 fingerlings/ kg. In the study area, nursery operators were faced various problems such as lack of capital (21.25%), diseases problem (19.75%), high lease value (15.00%), shortage of water (5.00%), high price of production inputs (11.00%), flooding (3.00%), terrorism (11.00%), high temperature (3.00%), intense market competition (6.00%) and the lack of policy support (5.00%). Government should take proper care for nursery operators and fish associated communities for the enhancement of fishery production.

This study aimed to evaluate the biopreservation activity of bacteriocin against some spoilage organisms. This bacteriocin was produced by lactic acid bacteria (LAB) isolated from dahi samples. Man Rogosa Sharpe (MRS) broth and agar were used for the isolation of LAB from the dahi. Bacteriocins are antibacterial proteins produced by bacteria that kill or inhibit the growth of other pathogenic and spoilage bacteria. Many lactic acid bacteria produce a high diversity of different bacteriocins. This study was conducted to produce the bacteriocin which produced by Lactobacillus spp. from dahi sample. Dahi samples were collected from different retailer shops of Chittagong Metropolitan Area (CMA). Lactobacillus spp. was isolated from these dahi samples by using MRS broth (Hi-Media, India) at 37ºC for 48 h. The crude bacteriocin was produced and purified by ammonium sulphate precipitation. The adversary properties of bacteriocin were perused by agar well diffusion method. The durability of bacteriocin was studied in different temperature and pH. The bacteriocin was stable at 37ºC and acidic pH. The antimicrobial activity of the isolates was done by growth inhibition test against some selected pathogenic microorganisms likely Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeroginosa, Salmonella paratyphi. The result showed that the isolates of Lactobacillus spp. inhibited the growth of these pathogenic organisms. By this study the antibacterial efficacy of bacteriocin was determined for fresh orange juice. The biopreservative effect of bacteriocin was observed on the basis of low colony counts in total plate count agar (TPA). The study result showed that bacteriocin producing Lactobacillus spp. can be successfully used as biopreservative for fruit juice preservation.

This study was carried out for the isolation and identification of microorganism from cloacal swabs in poultry. During the period from January 2014 to June 2014, the entire research work was conducted in laboratory of the department of Microbiology, Hajee Mohammad Danesh Science and Technology University, Dinajpur. The study was performed with 24 cloacal swabs samples. Samples were collected from the poultry as 6 samples from 5 days of old, 9 samples from 18 days of old and 9 samples from 28 days of old and transferred aseptically to the laboratory. All the experimental work was done under sterile condition. Out of the 24 cloacal swabs samples, 20 isolates were positive. Among 20 positive samples, 6 (30%) E. coli, 5 (25%) Salmonella spp., 4 (20%) Staphylococci spp., 2 (10%) Mycoplasma spp. and 3 (15%) fungus were grown in culture media. In gram's staining from ordinary media (nutrient agar), both gram positive and grams negative bacteria were found. Mycoplasma was positive in Mycoplasma agar (PPLO) where color was changed to slight grayish. On sabourauds dextrose agar medium, the organism were grown as round and raised structure which indicated that fungus was present there. Isolation and identification was done by observing colony morphology, grams staining and standard cultural and biochemical test. Diversified bacterial species were prevalent in cloacal swabs of broiler. However E. coli, Salmonella spp. infection might make the birds vulnerable for easy access of infection. It could be concluded that the organisms may pass through the faeces to the environment and cause a potential human health hazards and can cause illness.

The study was carried out to evaluate the effectiveness of different commercially available anthelmintic against gastrointestinal helminth parasites of buffaloes in Dinajpur district over a period of one year from July 2009 to June 2010. A total of 232 samples were randomly collected from buffaloes of which 199 (85.78%) were found to be positive with the help of “Modified Stoll’s Dilution Technique. Out of positive samples 40 Fasciolia infected buffaloes were selected for anthelmintic trial and 10 cases were selected for control. The anthelmintic efficacy of Triclabendazole and Nitroxynil were determined on the basis of faecal egg counts. The trial demonstrated excellent efficacy of Nitroxynil (Nitronex®, Renata Ltd.)@ 1.5 ml/ 50kg body weight against fascioliasis significantly (p<0.01 & p< 0.05) reduce the EPG on day 7 , 14 and 21 post – treatment as 54.04%, 70.68% 100% respectively and Triclabendazole (Fasinex®, Novartis Ltd.)@ 12 mg/kg body weight also significantly (p<0.01 & p< 0.05) reduce the epg on day 7 , 14 , 21 and 28 post –treatment as 53.94%, 60.04%, 83.36% and 100% respectively. Out of positive samples, 40 cases were selected randomly for anthelmintic trial against nematodiasis. The anthelmintic efficacy of Thiophanate and Levamisole on faecal egg counts of nematodiasis affected buffalo were determined. The trial demonstrated the efficacy of Thiophanate (Nemafax® Rampart power Ltd.) @ 1 gm/ 14 kg body weight against nematodiasis was significantly (p<0.01) reduces the EPG of faeces on day 7 , 14 , 21 and 28 post –treatment 52.61%, 59.28%, 72.80% and 100%respectively. The efficacy of Levamisole (Ralnex®, Novartis Ltd.) @ 7.5 mg/ kg body weight against nematodiasis was significantly (p<0.01) reduces the EPG of faeces on day 7, 14, and 21 post –treatment day 60.02%, 83.39% and 100% respectively.

Two separate surveys were conducted in two cities of Bangladesh viz. Dhaka and Mymensingh to observe the seasonal as well as socio-economic variations in the dietary pattern. A total of 118 respondents were randomly selected and interviewed with a food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) to assess the dietary intake. Based on the respondents’ household income they were categorized into low income level (LIL); medium income level (MIL) and high income level (HIL) groups. Among the two cities, carbohydrate consumption was higher in Mymensingh during both winter (407 gp^-1d^-1) and summer (442 gp^-1d^-1). On the other hand, animal protein consumption was higher in Dhaka (176 gp^-1d^-1in summer and 283gp^-1d^-1 in winter). Usually in winter, carbohydrate consumption was lower but protein consumption was higher. There was no significant seasonal and spatial variation of plant protein consumption. However, leafy vegetable consumption was higher in Mymensingh during summer season (87 gp^-1d^-1). Overall, non-leafy vegetables consumption increases during winter and found highest in Dhaka (655 gp^-1d^-1). In general, water consumption was higher during summer and found highest in Mymensingh (3.8Lp^-1d^-1). Concerning the income groups, in both locations and seasons, carbohydrate consumption was observed lowest among HILs, but animal protein consumption was found highest, especially, in Dhaka. Rice is consumed in greater proportion than wheat among LILs and MILs. Wheat consumption was higher among HILs. Of all the animal proteins, fish and chicken were occupies the major portion. But dry fish consumption was relatively greater among LILs. In Dhaka, plant protein consumption was higher by MILs but in Mymensingh it was found highest among HILs. Both leafy and non-leafy vegetables consumption was higher by HILs in Mymensingh but among MILs in Dhaka. In general fat consumption was higher among HIL group in both locations. The Principal component analysis (PCA) revealed a strong interaction between the respondent characteristics and consumption of different food items. The respondent income and education was positively correlated with the consumption of animal and plant proteins, oils and spices but negatively correlated with carbohydrate and dry fish consumption. The present study investigated the socioeconomic and seasonal influence on dietary pattern in two locations of Bangladesh which can be an effective tool in estimating the dietary exposure of chemical contaminants.

The experiment was undertaken to determine the effect of varying energy and protein levels on growth performance and carcass characteristics of hilly chicks at starting period. Three hundred twenty-four straight run day-old chicks were randomly allocated to three dietary treatments of varying energy and protein levels as 2850, 2950 and 3050 ME Kcal/Kg and 200, 210 and 220 g CP/kg DM for starting period. Feed intake, live weight gain, feed conversion, digestibility and dressing percentage were measured during the experimental period. Final body weight and body weight gain were not significantly affected (P>0.05) by the dietary regimes and its interaction. Birds consumed least amount of feed on the diet containing 2850 kcal/kg energy (P<0.01) and convert feed comparatively with better efficiency (P<0.05). However, protein efficiency was better (P<0.05) at the lower level of dietary protein (20% CP) and energy (2850 ME Kcal/kg). At 20% of CP level, increasing dietary energy from 2850 to 3050 kcal/kg ME resulted into a 29g decreases in weight gain. Conversely, at 2850 kcal/kg ME an increase in dietary protein from 20% to 22% CP resulted into a 27 g decrease in weight gain. Maximum weight gain was achieved at an ME: CP ratio of 142.5 which corresponded with the 2850 kcal/kg ME and 20% CP diet. Birds fed with 2850 kcal/kg energy diet had higher carcass weight (P<0.001) compared to other energy level. Fed on the diets with the lower energy level (2850 kcal/kg ME) yielded the heaviest breast meat (P<0.01) and thigh meat (P<0.05). The findings of present study therefore indicate that the 2850 kcal/kg ME and 20% CP dietary level, with ME: CP ratio of 142.5 could meet the growth performance of the indigenous hilly chicken.

The study was designed to work on the determination of growth pattern of lesser spiny eel Macrognathus aculeatus (Bloch, 1786) evaluating length-length relationships. Lesser spiny eel is a small indigenous fish species collected monthly for a year from Dingaputa haor located at Mohanganj upazila of Netrokona district in Bangladesh. The standard length and total length of male ranged from 93 to 203 mm and from 101 to 214 mm, respectively. The standard length and total length of female ranged from 105 to 243 mm and from 108 to 256 mm respectively. The length-length relationship is described algebraically in the form of y = a + bx, and growth pattern was inferred to the direct proportionality between two lengths.  The present study established the relationships between standard length and total length for male, female and combined fish separately. The constants of linear relationship of male in all months varied (slope, 1.01-1.07; intercept, -0.58-9.63). The generalized relationship of male was TL = 1.03 SL + 6.25. The constants of linear relationship of female in all months varied (slope, 0.99-1.05; intercept, 2.59-12.09). The generalized relationship of female was TL = 1.03 SL + 5.826. The constants of linear relationship of combined sex in all months varied (slope, 0.95-1.05; intercept, 2.41-18.78). The generalized relationship of combined sex was TL = 1.02 SL + 7.49. Correlation coefficents, r (≥ 0.913) and coefficients of determination, r² (≥ 0.834) were high in all regression analyses in this study. Based upon r and r², present study explained that standard length and total length were strongly associated, and standard length was very good predictor of total length. The growth pattern were isometric in September, November, December, February, March and April and allometric in October, January, May, June, July and August based on SL-TL relationship for male population. The growth pattern were isometric in October, March, April, July and August and allometric in November, December, January, February, May, June and September based on SL-TL for female population. The growth pattern were isometric in April, June and August and allometric in September, October, November, December, January, February, March, May and July based on SL-TL for combined population. This study would be beneficial for future research in order to make comparison between years and locations.

A study was conducted to investigate the effects of bamboo vinegar liquid with beneficial microbes (probiotics), BVLP on growth performance, meat composition, and thiobarbituric acid (TBA) value. A total of 175 one day old Ross broiler chicks were distributed to 5 treatments having 5 replications with 7 chicks in each, following a completely randomized design. The treatments were: control (basal), antibiotic (basal+30 ppm Oxytetracycline), bamboo vinegar liquid probiotics (basal+0.2%, basal+0.4% and basal+0.8%). Significantly lowest feed intake was recorded in 0.4% BVLP compared to 0.8% BVLP group although highest weight gain was observed in 0.2% BVLP among the BVLP groups(P<0.05). Significantly highest protein percentage in broiler meat fed BVLP (0.2 and 0.4%) were recorded compared to 0.8% and antibiotic fed diet (P<0.05). Crude fat significantly reduced in 0.2% BVLP group than control and antibiotic group. Statistically similar values in fresh meat TBA were observed in 0.2 to 0.4% BVLP fed broilers with antibiotic group except 0.8% BVLP diet (P<0.05). After 3 weeks preservation no statistical differences were observed among the treatments, that indicates no detrimental effects observed after addition of BVLP. Significantly lowest abdominal fat was found in 0.2% BVLP compared to antibiotic group (P<0.05). Significantly highest length of large intestine was recorded in 0.8% BVLP compared to control and 0.4% BVLP groups (P<0.05). Considering the findings, bamboo vinegar liquid probiotics can be replaced instead of antibiotic and BVLP 0.2 to 0.4% may be the suitable level for broiler production.

Growth performance of fishes was evaluated for a period of six months (May to October, 2007) in industrial waste fed ponds located at Rajshahi City under three different treatments of species variation namely T_l (Labeo rohita, Catla catla, Cirrhinus mrigala, Hypophthalmichthys molitrix, Cyprinus carpio) in non waste pond, T₂ (L. rohita, C. catla, C. mrigala, H. molitrix, C. carpio, Labeo bata) in industrial waste fed pond and T₃ (L. rohita, C. catla, C. mrigala, H. molitrix, C. carpio, L. bata, Oreochromis nilotica) in waste fed pond. All the treatments were replicated twice. Stocking density 14,000 individuals/ha was same for all the treatments. The average initial weight of fish was 28.9g. Treatments had no significant effect on the mean SGR and survival rate of fishes except C. carpio. Mean SGR (%, bwd^-1), weight gain (g), final weight (g) and survival rate (%) varied from 1.14±0.26 (T₂) to 1.67±0.44 (T₁), 34.00±2.81 (T₂), to 114.22±12.37 (T₁), 235.75±2.59 (T₃) to 752.50±4.50 (T₁), 60.50±4.50 (T₃) to 82.50±2.50% (T₂), respectively. Total fish yield (Kg/ha) significantly (P<0.05) varied from 2234.50±24.40 (T₂), to 2532.50±1.50 (T₁). Mean water temperature [(27.73±0.50 (T₁) to 28.09±0.53°C (T₂)], dissolved oxygen [(4.45±0.18 (T₃) to 6.00±0.22 mg/l (T₂)], pH (7.73±0.11 (T₁) to 8.32±0.15 (T₃)], ammonia-nitrogen [(0.0069±0.0018 (T₁) to 0.039±0.0029 mg/1 (T₃)] and total alkalinity (95.09±3.22 (T₁) to 160.49±18.97 mg/I (T₂) significantly (P<0.05) varied under the different treatments.

The present study was conducted to isolate and identify the organisms in butter and cheese manufactured by different plants namely Milk Vita and Quality sold in retail stores at Dinajpur, Bangladesh were collected and transported aseptically to the laboratory for bacteriological analyses. The samples were analyzed to determine the hygienic status of butter and cheeses and also for the total viable count (TVC), presence of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria.  TVC was performed according to the American Public Health Association, using plate count agar medium for TVC  and Eosine methylene blue (EMB) agar for total E. coli count and Staphylococcus agar  no. 110 for total Staphylococcus count. The average TVC for Milk Vita butter 3.28 x 10⁵ CFU/gm (log 5.5) was lower than local butter 5.45 x 10⁶ CFU/gm (log 6.7) and average TVC for Quality cheese 4.5 x 10⁵ CFU/gm (log 5.7)  was lower than local cheese 5.14 x 10⁶CFU/gm (log 6.7). The bacterial loads of butter and cheese samples were within the acceptable limit of public health safety, since the count was well below the acceptable limit. The highest extent of bacterial contamination and proliferation of viable bacteria occurred in local butter and local cheese. The numbers of E. coli in local butter and cheese were little bit higher indicating poor hygienic practices during manufacture, post process contamination and unsatisfactory transportation. Statistically the E. coli were more closely related to TVC than the staphylococcal counts in the samples of Milk Vita butter 2.68 x 10³ CFU/gm (log 3.4), Local butter 3.15x 10⁴ CFU/gm (log 4.5), Quality  cheese 4.46 x 10³ CFU/gm (log 3.6) and Local cheese 1.19 x 10⁴ CFU/gm (log 4.0) respectively. The results demonstrated that Milk Vita butter and Quality cheese are of superior quality product in respect of sanitary condition.

A field experiment was conducted at the field laboratory of Crop Botany Department, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh to study the effect of different levels of plant growth regulators, PGRs (GA₃, NAA) on the growth and yield in two tomato varieties. The experiment was laid out in a three factorial randomized completely block design ( RCBD) with  16 treatments viz. 2 varieties (Ratan and Roma V.F.) × 2 PGRs (GA₃, NAA) × 4 concentration levels of PGRs ( 0, 25, 50 and 100 ppm). The result showed that tomato variety Ratan produced higher yield (3.92 kg plant⁻¹) by increasing plant height, stem diameter at base, branch plant⁻¹, leaves plant⁻¹, fresh and dry weight of leaves,  number of flowers plant⁻¹ than the variety Roma V.F. (3.71 kg plant⁻¹). PGRs enhanced plant height, number of leaves plant⁻¹, fresh and dry weight of leaves, etc. A higher yield was observed in plants treated with GA₃ (4.07 kg plant⁻¹) than in the plants treated with NAA (3.55 kg plant⁻¹). Among the concentrations of PGRs, 50 ppm exhibited better performances producing higher yield (5.02 kg plant⁻¹). Interaction effects of variety, PGR and concentration showed that higher yield (5.06 kg plant⁻¹) was derived from the variety Ratan when treated with 50 ppm of GA₃.

Impact assessment of wastewater on soil is important to diagnose the potential of wastewater irrigation. By taking this idea into consideration, an experiment was conducted to investigate the chemical and solute-transport properties of soils collected from wheat fields irrigated with sugar mills’ wastewater at North Bengal Sugar Mill (NBSM) and Faridpur Sugar Mill (FSM) of Bangladesh. Soil samples were collected from experimental sites where wheat was grown under both irrigation and fertilizer treatments. The split-plot design with three replications of irrigation (main plot) and fertilizer (sub-plot) were used. Irrigation and fertilizer treatments were defined as I₁ = irrigation with fresh water, I₂ = irrigation with mixed water (fresh water: wastewater = 1:1) and I₂ = irrigation with wastewater; F₁ = Full dose fertilizer, F₂ = Half dose fertilizer and F₃ = No application of fertilizer. Soil samples were chemically analyzed to find their chemical properties and a breakthrough experiment was done to find the solute transport properties. Significant effects were observed for soil chemical properties at both NBSM and FSM sites. At NBSM site, organic-C and S contents of soil increased under I₃ treatment, where as total-N, P, K and Mg contents increased under I₂ treatment. Similarly, Na and Ca contents at FSM site slightly went downunder I₃ treatment. Application of fertilizer also significantly affected soil properties at both sites. Under full dose fertilizer application (F₁) EC, P, K, S, Ca and Mg contents of the soil increased, however, Na content decreased at both sites. Interaction of irrigation and fertilizer treatments also had significant effects on all the soil chemical parameters except organic-C and total-N content of the soils at both sites. Among solute transport properties pore-water velocity, dispersion coefficient and mean solute travel time increased in I₃ compared to I₁ at NBSM site, but the reverse was observed at FSM site.

Reliable database of cholesterol content is limited in the diet of many countries of the world. The objective of this study was to determine the cholesterol content in raw and cooked chicken meat through an accurate, precise and validate method. The raw meat sample was collected from Department of Animal Science and Technology, Sunchon National University, South Korea. The cholesterol content was determined by gas chromatography (GC) using an internal standard (5α-cholestane) method for quantification. The method was validated with respect to specificity, chromatographic parameters, linearity, precision, accuracy and limits of detection. Standards Reference Material (SRM) sample, frozen diet composition 1544 was analyzed and the results indicated that the method was accurate with over 97% recovery. The coefficient of variation of repeatability 5.2% and reproducibility 2.4% were also indicated that the method was precise. The cholesterol contents were determined in thigh and breast meat with the values of 95.54 and 71.43 mg/100g, respectively. On the other hand, cholesterol content found in cooked chicken meat with the values of 64.36 mg/100g for boiled chicken soup with ginseng and 79.40 mg/100g for chicken skewer. The present findings suggest that the method was reliable for quantification of large number cholesterol value in food samples.

A case study in Tangail district, Bangladesh was carried out from September, 2013 to February   2014 to observe the trend of temperature with time series plot and the impact of temperature crop production. Questionnaire survey, field observation and FGD methods were used to collect primary data while a long duration (1990-2010) secondary data were collected from concerned institutes (DAE, BBS, BMD). Annual average of maximum temperature (T_max) data were collected by using environmental multimeter from all upazillas (Sub-district level) including Madhupur Forest which was in line with the secondary data. During the year 1990 to 2011 the T_max exhibits an increasing trend which is statistically insignificant (R²= 0.0044). The highest value in 1995 was 40.5 and the lowest 35.5⁰C in 1990. A decreasing trend line also was discovered for relative humidity (RH), rainfall and sunshine hours (SH) from 1990 to 2011. However negative insignificant correlation was observed between all three parameters with temperature i.e. Rainfall, RH and SH. The field data were collected from 195 people (male and female) respondents. Negative correlation was observed in rice (R²= 0.071), wheat (R²= 0.049) and potato (R²= 0.010) while total vegetable production showed positive correlation (R²= 0.068). Nevertheless Maximum Production rate for rice (3.38 m.ton/acre), wheat (3.12m.ton/acre), potato (2.26m.ton/acre) and vegetables (18.55 m.ton/acre) was observed while T_max ranged between 37.2-38.5 °C and dropped down after that in all four crops. Enforcement of environmental laws and policies, regular monitoring and mass awareness should be ensured for the proper management of our environment.

An investigative study was conducted to determine the left over residue of five commonly used insecticides in cauliflower and yard long bean samples collected from local market of eight different regions like Bogra, Comilla, Dhaka, Gazipur, Jessore, Khagrachari, Rajshahi and Rangpur and carried out to the lab for analysis. Among 47 analyzed vegetable samples, 20 had insecticide residues, of them 11 had above maximum residue limit (MRL) set by FAO/WHO. Of 24 analyzed cauliflower samples, 11 contained residue of cypermethrin, diazinon, quinalphos, fenitrothion and malathion in which 8 had above MRL. Most of the sample contain diazinon and cypermethrin residue. Three samples showed 0.202-0.603 mgkg^-1diazinon resides and two samples contain 0.590-0.640 mgkg^-1cypermethrin residues which were above MRL. Cauliflower samples also showed two of three multi insecticide residues which were above MRL. Among 23 analyzed yard long bean samples, 9 showed the residue of five tested insecticides but only three had the residue of 0.410 mgkg^-1quinalphos, 0.651 mgkg^-1malathion and 0.591 mgkg^-1cypermethrin which were above MRL and the next 6 samples including three multi insecticide residues were of below MRL. Bogra, Jessore and Comilla showed more residues irrespective of single or multiple insecticide then other locations. No residue of the tested insecticide was found in the samples collected from Dhaka and Rajshahi in both the vegetables. Cauliflower in Khagrachari and yard long bean in Rangpur did not show any insecticide residue.

A household survey was conducted in a preselected rural area (279 households) of Mymensingh district in Bangladesh to know the overall production and husbandry practices regarding indigenous ruminant farming and their future outlook. Data were analyzed following descriptive statistics. The average cattle (144 HHs) and goat (63 HHs) distribution per household were 1.83 and 2.14, respectively. Daily milk production of cattle and goat recorded 1.47 and 0.24 liters including the lactation period 201.98 and 87.21 days. Most of the farmers housed their cattle (88.19%) and goat (55.55%) outside the dwelling. Only 2.08% farmers purchased feed for cattle. Natural and uncontrolled breeding observed for all ruminants in the studied area. Digestive disorder (blot) in cattle (12.50%) and goat (14.29%) identified as one of the major problems in the studied areas. Vaccination practice followed very limited owners of cattle (19.44%) and goat (4.76%). Proper initiative, funding, farm-based training to educated farmers including modern animal husbandry practices could increase indigenous ruminant population in the rural area of Bangladesh.

A baseline survey was conducted in a cluster area (279 households) of Mymensingh district in Bangladesh to know the farmers‟ socio-economic condition, and overall production and husbandry practices regarding indigenous poultry farming and assess future outlook. Data were analyzed following descriptive statistics. Most of the farmers (54.84%) were in middle age type (31-50 years) and landless (41.58%). The average annual income of farmers recorded 61,260 BDT or 875 USD where agriculture (49.10%) was found as primary occupation. The average indigenous chicken (196 HHs), duck (16 HHs) and pigeon (4 HHs) distribution per household were 5.62, 3.81 and 3, respectively. Average egg production per clutch in chicken and duck identified 13.47 and 17.50 eggs, respectively, with 76.78 and 69.61% hatchability. Indigenous poultry (60.20%) housed inside the dwelling of farmers. Natural and uncontrolled breeding observed for all indigenous livestock in the studied area. Vaccination practice followed very limited for poultry while Newcastle disease found most prominent in poultry (65.82%). Proper initiative, funding, farm-based training to educated farmers including modern animal husbandry practices could increase indigenous poultry population and consequent profit.

This study was aimed to detect the antibacterial activity of N. officinale leaves water and ethanol extract alone or mixed with a specific concentrations of copper nanoparticles (800mg/L). Studied Bacterial samples consist of two gram-positive bacteria (Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) and two gram-negative bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pyogenes). Results showed that there was a significant increase in the mean inhibition zone at 1:1 (v/v) of  1.0mg/10ml copper nanoparticles and water leaves extract (J) and 1:1 (v/v) of  0.5mg/10ml mg/10ml  copper nanoparticles and ethanol leaves extract (F)  compared with 0.5mg/10ml leaves water extract (B) and 0.5mg/10ml leaves ethanol extract (C), but there was no significant differences obtained between the types of treatments and the standard antibiotic that used as control (250 mg/10ml Cefotaxime), the highest mean inhibition zone was recorded in Staphylococcus aureus bacteria compared with other bacterial species. The interaction revealed that the highest mean inhibition zone obtained in 1:1 (v/v) of  1.0mg/10ml copper nanoparticles and water leaves extract (J) in Staphylococcus aureus bacteria and the lowest mean inhibition zone observed in 1.0mg/10ml copper nanoparticles (I) in Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteria while mean inhibition zone significantly increased in E. coli bacteria at 1:1 (v/v) of  0.5mg/10ml mg/10ml  copper nanoparticles and ethanol leaves extract (F), 1:1 (v/v) of  1.0mg/10ml copper nanoparticles and water leaves extract (J), and 1:1 (v/v) of  1.0mg/10ml copper nanoparticles and ethanol leaves extract (K). No significant differences recorded in the mean inhibition zone of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus bacteria in various treatments.