Issue 3

Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory state, which arise from the imbalance in lipid metabolism. Over the last decade, studies have showing the association of macrophages with this maladaptive immune response. Macrophages differentiated from monocytes and populate at the growing atherosclerotic lesions. At the lesion site by accumulating lipid they actively participate in the formation of atherosclerotic plaque. These plaques are very susceptible to rupture which can lead to myocardial infarction or stroke. In future more studies are needed to classify different macrophage populations according to their phenotypic and functional characteristics to identify their roles in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. This review highlights several aspects of macrophages activation, diversity, recruitment, and foam cell formation in atherosclerosis.

Spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs) are the most primitive spermatogonia in the testis. A balance between the self-renewal and differentiation of SSCs, strictly controlled in a special ‘niche’ microenvironment in the seminiferous tubules (SSC niche), is essential to maintain normal spermatogenesis. Since the 1950s, many experimental methods, including histology, immunostaining, whole-mount analyses, and pulse-chase labeling, had been used in attempts to identify SSCs. Recent studies demonstrate that A_undiff seem to possess variable levels of stem cell potential to act as SSCs; GFRα1⁺ population in A_s has the greatest potential to act as SSCs (can consider as actual SSCs) whereas NGN3⁺ population in A_undiff has comparatively much lower potential to act as SSCs (can consider as potential SSCs). The precise identity of SSCs is still being refined. Sertoli cells, directly interact with SSCs, and interstial cells including Leydig cells, testicular macrophages, peritubular myoid cells and vascular smooth muscle cells, control the proliferation and differentiation of SSCs through the secretion of extrinsic factors, constitute the cellular components of SSC niche which preferentially locates in the region of seminiferous tubules adjacent to the interstitium that always coincide blood vessels.

This study was aimed to isolate and identify the potential probiotic bacteria from broiler chickens and their related environment of the two districts in Bangladesh by using cultural and biochemical techniques and detection of the selected isolated probiotic potential bacterial species by using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). In this context five probiotic bacteria species of five bacteria genera were screened out from 750 samples in where there were 186 Lactobacillus genus isolates, 102 Bacillus genus isolates, 112 Streptococcus genus isolates, 220 Enterococcus genus isolates and 33 Bifidobacterium genus isolates on the basis of biochemical properties like 10% solution of total 22 different sugars. Other biochemical tests like MR-VP, Oxidase, Catalase, Citrate utilization, MIU and Indole test were major. Genus was detected through specific genus target gene and 16S r DNA based PCR. Selected probiotic bacteria species were detected through species specific target gene PCR. We confirmed 23 Lactobacillus acidophilus species isolates, 14 Bacillus subtilis isolates, 19 Streptococcus thermophilus isolates, 31 Enterococcus faecium isolates and 09 Bifidobacterium bifidum isolates at species level with ddl gene, apr-E gene, 16S-23S ITS gene, BIBI gene, Stp-TH gene primers. The novelty of this study is at first time in Bangladesh, we isolated and identified five selected potential probiotic species from the gastro-intestinal tract of broiler chickens and their related environmental sources by not only using traditional cultural, biochemical techniques but also genus and species specific target gene based PCR.

The objectives of the study were to investigate the effects of feeding probiotics supplemented diets with or without antibiotic growth promoter on growth performance, carcass characteristics and costeffectiveness of commercial broilers. A gable type open sided house was used for experimental purpose. Three hundred twenty Cobb-500 one- day-old straight run chicks were randomly distributed into four dietary groups having five replications. The number of birds in each replication was 16. Four diets were considered: diet 1: control; diet 2: antibiotic growth promoter (AGP) at a dose of 15g/100kg; diet 3: probiotics (PB) at a dose of 250g/100kg and diet 4: AGP plus PB (15g/100kg+250g/100kg). Birds were vaccinated against common viral diseases as a part of disease prevention program. The records were kept of body weight, feed intake and mortality while weight gain, feed conversion ratio (FCR) and survivability were calculated. Both performance and carcass yield were statistically analyzed for interpretation. Broiler chicks that received PB showed significant improvement in performance (P<0.01) over control with respect to body weight gain, FCR, carcass yield and cost-effectiveness. Feeding AGP alone had comparatively less weight gain, net profit and almost similar feed efficiency compared with PB and AGP+PB groups but its performance was much better than that of control group. The PB fed group showed better meat yield traits. The PB alone group was also more cost effective over control. Feeding PB may be practiced in broiler diet as an alternative to AGP.

Kishoreganj haor region is highly sensitive to the climatic events such as flash flood, soil erosion, heavy rainfall, drought, storm surge etc. The aim of this research is to assess the impacts of climate change on fishersˊ livelihoods of Kishorganj haor region, Bangladesh. The fisherˊ livelihood data were collected through semi-structured questionnaire interview and Focused Group Discussion (FGD) method. In Kishoreganj haor region, natural disasters have increased due to climate change, that threat on fishersˊ livelihood by extinction of fish species, low fish availability, destructing houses and other infrastructures. In the present study, it was found that 65% fishers were involved in permanent fishing activity and 35% fishers were temporarily involved in fishing with other occupation as daily labour, net making etc. A very few empirical research on the impacts of climate change in Kishoreganj haor has been conducted, so researcher and policy makers can get information about the concern by this study and implement policy for the climate change induced affected people of the Kishoreganj haor.

Climate change is a very common phenomenon which may affect rural livelihoods. A sustainable rural livelihoods approach was taken for this study to observe household incomes and any impact of climate to the livelihoods. It was found that there was negative correlation (Pearson value -0.449) to the income of males and females in 2014. Assumption of impact of climate change on income was not statistically significant in male farmers while it was statistically significant (Pearson value 0.332) in the year 2013 for female respondents. This current study suggests diversification in income generating activities and introduction of fair trade for betterment of the fishers.

A spring is a place where water comes out of the ground seepage, seeps into the soil, then flows through cracks, gaps or natural tracts. Springs (sumber, tuk, umbulan, belik) are used to extract water by local people. This study was aimed at uncovering the knowledge about the types of sacred trees which supported the traditional conservation for water spring in Malang regency. The survey was carried out directly by taking three specimens in the spring environment. Interviews were conducted in person, in-depth, semi-structurally to the local community and tribe leaders. This study contained also the description of the diversity of sacred tree species which supported water spring in Malang Regency, East Java. The results of the study recorded 41 types of 27 genera and 20 families. The diversity of sacred tree species that are believed to be sacred include: ringin (Ficus benyamina), lo (Ficus glomerata), serut (Streblus asper), ipik-ipik (Ficus procera), ilat-ilat (Ficus callosa), bendo (Artocarpus elastica), jambu klampok watu (Syzygium littorale), aren (Arenga pinnata), gayam (Inocarpus fagifer), cangkring (Erythrina fusca). The types of water spring supporter are: bambu ori (Bambusa blumeana), bambu betung (Dendrocalamus asper), bambu apus (Gigantochloa apus), and of the familia Apocynaceae (Ervatamia sphaerocarpa), kecrutan (Spathodea campanulata), waru gunung (Hibiscus similis) etc. The existence of those meaningful trees is a symbol of the existence of a spring and the start of sustainable culture and customs in Malang Raya. Thus, petren needs to get the recognition as a longer, traditional conservation model from the government especially from the local government in a form of village regulation. Preserving the springs and environment is a local wisdom of the people of Malang regency, in an effort to preserve traditional conservation and harmony with the lives of other organisms.

There is proportionate increase in the health problems along with increase in geriatric population in Bangladesh. Nurses need to be well equipped with knowledge and should also have a positive attitude regarding geriatric care. The current cross sectional study conducted with an aim to assess the knowledge and attitude of senior staff nurses and associated factors regarding geriatrics health care. This cross-sectional study was conducted among 384 nurses working at a tertiary public hospitals in the Rangpur city of Bangladesh from January 2019 to December, 2019. Participants were selected using simple random sampling from the list of staff. The Kogan's attitude questionnaire was used to measure nurses' attitudes toward the elderly. Out of 384 respondents, 36.5% were of age group 21-30 years, most of female (84.4%) and married (85.2%) with maximum Muslim (88.5%) religious view. About half of the respondents had diploma level education (53.9%) and having 1-5 years job experience (48.7%). 64.1% respondents have monthly income within BDT 25001-35000. 35.4% of the nurses agreed for skill nursing and 36.5% agreed for challenging and stimulating nursing care, and 54.2% nurses agree for need highly skilled nursing. Most (97.7%) of the nurses opined needs special geriatric wards for effective care and 93.8% requires special training. According to Kogan attitudes scale, 36.2% nurse had negative attitudes and 63.8% had positive attitudes regarding geriatric health care. More than one third (38.5%) of respondents were average knowledge; followed by 32.8% respondents were good knowledge. There is a statistically significant relationship present between job experience and attitude (λ²=26.193, p<0.05) and job experience and knowledge (λ²=15.04, p<0.04) of nurses. It was concluded that senior staff nurses had average knowledge and positive attitude regarding geriatric care.

In the present study a comparative evaluation  microscopic agglutination test with rLigB protein based latex agglutination test was carried out, which is a cross reacting lipoprotein able to detect acute infection caused by any pathogenic leptospiral serovars. It was employed for serodiagnosis of leptospirosis. The 46 KDa 6X His tagged LigB protein, obtained by IPTG induction of recombinant E. coli M15 cells containing the N-terminal region of LigB gee in _PQE30 expression vector, was purified by Ni-NTA affinity chromatography and adsorbed on latex bead surface for performing latex agglutination test against Leptospirosis suspected wildlife field sera. A total of  80 wildlife sera samples were collected, including  27 wild feline sera samples (18 tigers, 8 lions, and 1 jaguar) obtained from Chhatbir zoo, Chandigarh, 42 sera samples (8 tigers, 4 lions and 6 leopards, 2 cheethals, 1 black buck, 12 buffaloes and  9 zoo staff) were received  from Jodhpur zoo Rajasthan, 8 sera samples (4 tigers, 3 leopards, 1 lion) from Van Vihar National park, Bohpal, Madhya Pradesh and 3 sera samples  (2 lions and 1 tiger) received from Biwani Mini zoo, Haryana, India. The result showed that sera were tested positive by rLigB based LAT, which were reconfirmed using microscopic agglutination test (MAT). The results from LAT were in concordance with MAT. In conclusion, rLigB based LAT is a rapid, pen site, reliable diagnostic tool of high sensitivity and specificity, under laboratory and field conditions, for the detection of Leptospirosis.

Pabdah catfish, Ompok pabda was collected from the Old Brahmaputra river and successfully induced to breed by injecting pituitary gland extract to evaluate spawning performances and developmental stages under a photo microscope from February 2018 to August 2018. In this study, absolute fecundity of the O. pabda females varied from 6,676 to 20,410 eggs per fish. The GSI value of male and female was lower during September and gradually attained its maximum level in June with the highest average value 6.75±0.2 and 1.053±0.2 in female and male, respectively. The average fertilization and hatching rate of eggs were found 78.67±1.33% and 70.21±0.73%, respectively at 24.5±1.0°C. Fertilized eggs were brownish in color, very transparent and adhesive in nature with 1.0 to 1.2 mm in diameter. Cleavage stages were completed at 1.50 h of post fertilization and it eventually took 23.00 h for hatching. Larva was appeared with prominent three pairs of barbells after 12.00 h of hatching. It took 3 d post hatching to absorb their yolk sac and feeding exogenously. The present work supplemented to the deficient information on detailed spawning and developmental biology of O. pabda in order to save this species from extinction.

Antibiotics used in hospitals for patient care which potentially growing antibiotic resistant bacteria in hospital waste and simultaneously transmitting to non-hospital environments by drainage system. Total 20 samples were collected randomly and examined with different bacteriological, biochemical and molecular tests.  55 bacterial isolates were isolated from all samples, among them 32 (58.2%) were from hospital environment and 23 (42.1%) were from non-hospital environment. The result of total viable count showed that maximum countable bacteria (2.20×10¹⁰) CFUs/ml that were from MARCH and the minimum number of countable bacteria (1.0×10¹⁰) CFUs/ml were isolated from the sample of Kalitola. Among the isolates, E. coli, Pseudomonas spp, Klebsiella spp, Salmonella spp, Staphylococcus spp and Vibrio spp were identified 16 (29%), 12 (21.8%), 9 (16.4%), 8 (14.5%), 5 (9%) and 5 (9%) respectively. Multidrug resistant (MDR) Pseudomonas aeruginosa was characterized from hospital wastewater by polymerase chain reaction assays targeting the virulence gene and 16S rRNA gene region was amplified with the universal primers. PCR amplification band was found at 1399 bp. The antibiotic sensitivity study revealed that among the hospital isolates, about (83.3%) were resistant against Ampicillin, followed by Amikacin, Kanamycin and Penicillin (77.8%). On the other hand, non- hospital isolates were resistant against Amoxicillin and Penicillin (66.7%) followed by Ampicillin and Vancomycin (58.3%). Both hospital and non-hospital isolates were sensitive to Gentamycin respectively 72.5% and 75%. The findings of the experiment suggested that hospital wastewater contained more MDR bacteria than non-hospital wastewater which are released into receiving water bodies that may cause a serious threat to public health. Reducing indiscriminate use of antibiotics in both hospital and non-hospital settings and the use of wastewater treatment plant (WTP) in a hospital may reduce this problem.

The study describes traditional fishing gears and crafts available at Gumti river of Muradnagar upazila in Cumilla district, Bangladesh. The study was carried out by the collection of primary data through surveying individual fishermen. We found that there are 6 fishing gears available in the study area. Among them, 5 types of the fishing net (i.e., cast nets, seine net, lift net, push net, gill net) and a kind of fishing trap was identified. We also found 4 different types of crafts, including dingi nauka, kosha nauka, chandi nauka, and soto tempu. Synthetic twines are used for net making, which increases the fishing efficiency significantly. The life span of these nets varies according to their building materials. Sun-drying was the best approach for net preservation rather than using any chemicals or medicine. Besides, traditionally mehogany, raintree, shill koroi, garjan, gamari, jarul, chapulis woods and bamboos were found to be boat construction materials. The boats are painted with tar or pitch and burn oil for the protection. No modern instruments such as a compass, life-saving equipment are used by these boats. Most of the boats are mechanized, i.e. operated by engine.

Screening of antibacterial activities of plants due to secondary metabolites is an authentic basis to look for a new drug. As a result of increasing demand for traditional treatments, scientists have look forward to search the efficacy of these so called ethnomedicinal plants and have to exchange with pharmacologists. An initiative of this, the antibacterial activity of Eclipta prostrata (L.) Mant. Azadirachta indica A. Juss., Aloe vera (L.) Burm. f. and Catharanthus roseus (L.) G. Don was studied against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. Among four ethnomedicinal plants subjected to test antibacterial activities, Eclipta prostrata was found to act against both strains of bacteria whereas Azadirachta indica was effective against Escherichia coli only. DNA binding affinity of these medicinal plants was also studied by viscometry. No affinity between each medicinal plant extracts and isolated human cheek cell’s DNA was observed.

Consequence of dietary fish meal substitution with wheatgrass was evaluated by observing growth response, associated feed cost and survival of grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) fingerlings for sixty days. Sprouted wheatgrass (Triticum aestivum) was prepared for its inexpensively rich nutrients. Four isonitrogenous test diets were formulated and applied as treatments (T) in triplicates (R). In the control (T₁), basal inclusion rate of fish meal was 30%, of which 10% was replaced with wheatgrass powder in T₂ and in T₃ replacement was 20%. In contrast, 30% of basal fishmeal was replaced in T₄. Grass carp fingerlings (6.38±0.21 cm and 2.83±0.36 g) were stocked in twelve aquaria (60×40×45 cm³) each containing 75 L water, at 10 fish per aquarium, fed test diets at 5% of body weight twice daily. Prominent effect of wheatgrass supplementation was found on food conversion ratio (FCR) and survival rates. The significantly lowest FCR was observed in T₃ (2.13±0.42) followed by T₂ (2.89±0.99), T₁ (3.01±1.53) and T₄ (3.05±0.94). Besides, fish survival rate was significantly improved in T₂ (90%), T₃ (93.33%) and T₄ (93.33%) compared to the lowest survival in T₁ (83.33%). In conformity, fish tolerance (LT₅₀) to low pH stressor was also increased with wheatgrass supplementation. The other growth parameters among the treatments were statistically similar with highest specific growth rate and fish production in T₃ (1.13±0.12 %/day and 2.28±0.13 tons/ha). Dietary wheatgrass did not affect the fish carcass composition rather gave better result to some extents. The significantly highest carcass protein and lowest moisture was retained in T₃ (14.13±0.05% and 74.91±0.25% respectively), whereas comparatively higher lipid and mineral (ash) content was found in T₁ (7.69±0.02% and 2.35±0.27% respectively). Importantly, feed formulation cost was reduced by 2.61, 4.89, and 7.71% in T₂, T₃, and T₄ respectively compared to T₁. Therefore, wheatgrass could be promising in juvenile grass carp diet.

The study was conducted to observe the effects of aqua drugs and chemicals on the health of farmed shrimp (Penaeus monodon) in southern coastal region of Bangladesh. Samples were collected from shrimp farms and ghers in three upazilas of Cox’s Bazar district, namely Cox’s Bazar Sadar, Teknaf and Maheshkhali upazila during March 2018 to October 2018. Data were collected through personal contact, questionnaire interview and discussion with key informants. During the study period water temperature were ranged between 26°C to 32°C in summer and 23°C in rainy season. The highest pH was 8.0 ± 0.20 recorded from Beximco Shrimp Farm of Cox’s Bazar Sadar in summer and the lowest was 7.0 ± 0.23 from the Aquaculture Farm Limited of Cox’s Bazar Sadar. Farmers in the study areas used Geotox to remove gas, TSP to proliferate algae and Zymetin to inhibit growth of pathogens and to promote shrimp growth. The highest recovery was recorded 90-96% by use of Bleaching powder in Aquaculture Farm limited of Cox’s Bazar Sadar area. On the other hand, the lowest recovery was recorded 60-65% by use of Zeolite plus in Beximco shrimp farm of Cox’s Bazar Sadar upazila. The average recovery was recorded from Beximco shrimp farm of Cox’s Bazar Sadar upazila.  By use of Ecodoxin Zoothamnium was 80-85% recovery. Farmers used more aqua-drugs in rainy season than summer. By use of Oxyflow instant oxygen supply was recorded 75-80% recovery. The highest recovery was recorded 90-95% by use of Lime in Unique Aquaculture of Teknaf. On the other hand, the lowest recovery was recorded 60-65% by use of Renamox in MKA shrimp farm of Teknaf upazila. The average recovery was recorded Unique Aquaculture of Teknaf upazila. From field and laboratory observations it was revealed that the study area had potentiality for shrimp culture, although necessary measures need to be taken specially during rainy season.

The present research work was conducted to develop a balanced ration for crossbred high yielding calves in farm condition. For this purpose, seventy days long feeding trial was conducted with nine crossbred female calves having nearly similar body weight and age. Nine crossbred calves were equally divided into three groups such as T₁ (1 kg concentrate mixture of crushed maize, wheat bran, mustard oil cake, molasses, DCP and salt at a ratio of 25:45:22:5:1:2, respectively), T₂ (1 kg concentrate mixture of crushed maize, wheat bran, soybean cake, molasses, DCP and salt at a ratio of  27:45:20:5:1:2, respectively) and T₃ (Wheat bran, rice polish, mustard oil cake, DCP, Salt were supplied according to BAU routine farm feeding at a ratio of 65:18:14:1:2, respectively). All calves were supplied with ad libitum green grasses (German and Para) and fresh clean drinking water. From the research finding, it was observed that the average total dry matter intake, total body weight gain, body length gain and heart girth gain were in T₁ (2.68^a±0.000 kg, 2.51^a±0.21 kg, 1.83^a±0.12 cm, 1.29^a±0.07 cm, respectively) and T₂ (2.65^a±0.001 kg, 2.55^a±0.21 kg, 1.67^a±0.12 cm, 1.25^a±0.07 cm, respectively) groups significantly (p<0.05) higher than that of the T₃ (2.34^b±0.002 kg, 0.96^b±0.21 kg, 0.81^b±0.12 cm, 0.64^b±0.07 cm, respectively) group. The result showed that the body weight gain of T₂ group was higher by supplementation of balanced ration. Therefore, the feed supplementation of crushed maize, wheat bran, soybean cake, molasses, DCP and salt at a ratio of 27:45:20:5:1:2, respectively should be supplied to crossbred calves for the future development of dairy herd replacement stock for profitable dairy business.

A survey was conducted in the three district of south western region of Bangladesh like Khulna, Satkhira and Bagerhat, to observe the socioeconomic condition and problems facing by the chicken farmers under the existing management practices. Five hundred commercial chicken farms were considered in the present study. Data were collected using a pretested questionnaire by interview of the farmers. To observe the socioeconomic conditions, the age of selected farmers, their gender, occupation, education level, land size, annual income from chicken farms, experience, training exposure and bio-security score were considered. There are two problems are categorized like diseases outbreaks and socioeconomic problems. Among the respondents, maximum percentage of farmers were male groups within 31 to 40 years age had conjugated with the occupation of poultry and agriculture and belonged to HSC level of education. Highest percentage of medium land size farmer earned 01-03 lac BDT per year only from the chicken farms. Newcastle or Ranikhet disease was highly severed followed by Fowl cholera, Gumboro and Coccidiosis. Irregular fluctuation of market price was the major problem facing by the chicken farmer in the study area. Bio-security practice and proper marketing system should enhance the profitability of the chicken farms.

Egg quality parameter is important for determination of egg quality, grading of egg and pricing. To conduct this study, 50 eggs of Hy-line Brown, 50 eggs of ISA Brown, 50 eggs of Saver-579 Brown and 50 eggs of Novogen Brown and 50 eggs of Naked Neck were collected from different poultry farms of Sylhet. Egg shape index (ESI) of Hy-line Brown, ISA Brown, Saver-579, Novogen Brown and Naked Neck were 78.86±1.24, 78.85±0.5, 78.45±1.20, 81.43±1.56 and 76.85±0.92 respectively. Egg weight of Hy-line Brown, ISA Brown, Saver-579, Novogen Brown and Naked Neck were 62.48±1.54g, 61.89±1.2g, 61.41±1.47g, 64.76±1.37g and 37.45±1.2g respectively. Yolk weight of Hy-line Brown, ISA Brown, Saver-579, Novogen Brown and Naked Neck were 18.09±0.62g, 18.26±0.29g, 19.33±0.32g, 19.73±0.21g and 15.12±0.48g respectively. Among the different strains/breed, Novogen Brown has the highest value and Naked Neck has the lowest value for ESI, egg weight and yolk weight. So that the grading value of Novogen Brown has the highest among other strain/breed. Future research is necessary to see the internal egg quality parameter (albumen index, yolk index, Haugh Units (HU) and yolk colour) of different strain/breed, which will help for grading of egg.

Bangladesh is a developing country with a very high prevalence of antibiotic resistance where irrational use of antibiotics is very common. This cross-sectional survey was conducted to assess the knowledge of antibiotics and antibiotic usage behavior (Antibiotic use, self-medication, adherence to therapy) among the people of Bangladesh. The association between participants’ knowledge of antibiotics and their antibiotic usage behavior was also analyzed.  A cross-sectional survey based on a structured questionnaire was conducted in the Dhaka district. The questionnaire included questions about demographic information, participants’ knowledge of antibiotics, and their recent antibiotic usage. The data analysis involved the use of descriptive statistics and multivariable logistic regression. Very few participants knew that antibiotics are not effective against most common colds (16.8%), viruses (22.5%), and pains (41.7%). Most respondents (>75%) knew that excessive use of antibiotics and failing to complete a course may render antibiotics less effective in the future. However, only 56.1% were aware of antibiotic resistance. About half (46.6%) of the participants took antibiotics in the last six months, 20.5% of whom resorted to self-medication and 23.1% reported non-adherence to therapy. Greater knowledge of antibiotics was significantly associated with lower rates of self-medication (p=0.037). Misconceptions about antibiotics and antibiotic misuse are very common in Bangladesh. The findings suggest that misconceptions about antibiotics and antibiotic misuse are very common in Bangladesh. To mitigate these problems, interventions comprised of educational campaigns and redesigning of the healthcare system and policies should be undertaken.

The present study investigated to know the current status and assessment of the economic benefit of twenty-five integrated fish farms in Noakhali region of Bangladesh. Qualitative and quantitative research data were collected between November 2018 to July 2019 through farm visit, focus group discussion and questionnaire interview. This total farming system covers a total 111.27 hectares of landmass where 78.51 hectares were used for fish production and 32.76 hectares for other production. Six major categories of integration were found, namely fish-poultry-livestock-horticulture, fish-poultry-horticulture, fish-livestockhorticulture, fish-horticulture, fish-poultry and fish-livestock integration. There are 21 fish species, 4 types of reared poultry and 3 types of reared livestock and a variety of fruits and vegetables were cultivated throughout the year. An increasing trend of integration was found in the study area. Total fish production from those 25 integrated farms was 326.4 tons/year, and the production value was BDT 43.37M approximately. Average production of fish, horticulture and poultry were 4.54, 13.96 and 1201.79 tons/ha/year. Total investment in 25 different integrated fish farms was about BDT 185.63M while total return was about BDT 227.85M. The benefit of an integrated farming system was BDT 0.38 M/ha/year. The wastes from livestock and poultry directly or indirectly used as fertilizer in the pond and horticulture farming system. A few farms convert this bio-waste as electrical energy through biogas plants to meet up farm’s electricity demand. With the help of proper guideline, technical and financial support the production of these integration systems could be boosted up. It will play a remarkable positive impact on the total economy of the country.

Shifting responsibilities of patient care from one nurse to another is an integral part of nursing practice. There is abundant evidence that inaccurate information in hospital is the primary cause of adverse events and gaps in patient care. A cross-sectional study was conducted in 250 Bedded General Hospital, Jashore from 1st January to 31st December 2017 with the aim to assess the state of nurses shifting duty management. Total 114 nurses were selected conveniently from this hospital and interviewed with a pre-tested semi-structured questionnaire and an observational checklist was used to observe the actual scenario. Data were analyzed by using Statistical Package for Social Science version (SPSS) 24.P-value less than 0.05 were set as statistically significant. Overall shifting duty management of the hospital were categorized into good, average and poor. Among the Nurses overall shifting duty management of the hospital were found as 48.2% (55) average, 34.3% (39) poor and 17.5% (20) good. There was a significant relationship between occurrence of interruption and duration of shifting duty (p < 0.05). Proper staffing and dedicated time management for critical patient‟s information sharing is needed to reduce gaps in patient care and enhance patient safety thereby. Thus it is essential to establish a standard protocol to ensure proper management of shifting duties of nurses and every hospital should follow this.

The present study was to evaluate the reproductive and productive performance (RPP) of Indigenous (n=145) and Nili-Ravi cross-bred (n=55) dairy buffalo in relation to age, parity, body weight and body condition. A total of 200 buffalo cows were randomly selected and interviewed to collect data on reproductive and productive performance of buffalo cows of Rajshahi district by using pre-tested questionnaire during the period from January 2015 to December 2015. The average mean ± SD value of reproductive and productive performances were as age at puberty (AP), age at first calving (AFC), gestation length (GL), post-partum heat period (PPHP), milk yield per day (MYPD), lactation length (LL), birth weight of calf (BWC) and calving interval (CI) were recorded as 25.05±4.00 months, 35.26±4.14 months, 308.28±12.46 days, 84.00±25.95 days, 3.59±0.56 litre, 202.76±33.54 days, 28.79±4.23 kilogram and 461.36±15.41 days, respectively. Nili-Ravi crossbred buffalo cow had shown better RPP than Indigenous. The genotype of buffalo cows had significant effect (p<0.05) on most of the RPP except AP, AFC and CI. Age of buffalo had also significant effect (p<0.05) on GL, PPHP and BWC and middle age (4 to < 7yrs) observed good RPP. The best RPP were recorded in 2nd parity than others and also significant effect (p<0.05) on GL, MYPD and BWC. Body weight and body condition of buffalo had significant effect (p<0.05) on PPHP, BWC and MYPD. The body weight of >350 kg and very good body condition groups were observed better reproductive performance. It could be concluded that the buffalo owners of these areas do not follow any scientific method of buffalo husbandry; they just follow traditional rearing systems. Very recently, a few farmers started farming of the mostly Indigenous buffalo cows for dairy purpose at Rajshahi region of Bangladesh

Patient meals are an integral part of hospital treatment and crucial to aid recovery. A cross-sectional study was conducted to determine the Management of Dietary Services at National Institute of Cancer Research and Hospital. The purpose of this study was to make provision for safe, clean, hygienic and nutritious diet for the indoor patient as per their caloric requirement. This study compiled from 1^st January to 31^st December 2017 and the sample size was 113(dietary personnel 9 and patients 104) and it was purposive sampling technique. Data were collected through semi-structured questionnaire and observational check-list. Data analysis was done using SPSS software version 20. Satisfaction level was categories in to Satisfied and Dissatisfied. Among the service receiver of this hospital 15.4% were found satisfied with the dietary services. Cleanliness status of kitchen was average. It was highly suggested that the higher number of trained manpower needs to be appointed in future as required. Moreover, a standardize cooking system should be adopted by the authority for improving the quality of cooking food in order to obtain increased patient’s satisfaction.

A lot of diseases develop pathognomonic lesions in some visceral organs. It is important to know the normal anatomy, morphometry and color of these visceral organs to find out the changes due to specific diseases during necropsy. Considering these views, the research was planned to make a baseline data on the visceral organs of broiler chickens. A total of 50 broiler with the age of 2 and 4 weeks, 25 in each age groups, were euthanized and liver, lungs, spleen, bursa of Fabricius, and ceca were collected at necropsy. The length, breadth, thickness, weight and volume of each organ were recorded using measuring scale, electric balance and water displacement. The liver was flattened and deep reddish brown in color. The mean weight, length, width and thickness of right and left lobes at the age of 2 weeks were 12.94±1.34 g, 6.0±0.36 cm, 3.20±0.16 cm, 0.62±0.23 cm; and 5.70±0.14 cm, 1.80±0.22 cm and 0.62±0.14 cm, respectively. On the other hand, at 4 weeks they were 43.12±3.61 g, 9.07±0.31 cm, 4.73±0.38 cm, 0.83±0.17 cm; and 7.10±0.29 cm, 3.47±0.20 cm and 0.80±0.14 cm for the right and left lobes, respectively. The lungs were nearly rectangular, unlobed, bright red in color. The mean weight of lungs of 2 and 4 week were 1.94±0.15 g and 8.02±1.09 gm, respectively. The length, width and volume of lungs were 2.27±0.21 cm, 2.30±0.08 cm, 1.57±0.33 cc and 3.30±0.16 cm, 2.43±0.26 cm, 8.00±0.81 cc at the age of 2 and 4 weeks, respectively. The spleen was oval, reddish brown in color. The weight, length and diameter of spleen at 2 weeks were 0.56±0.25 g, 1.40±0.29 cm and 2.63±0.39 cm while those at 4 weeks were 1.90±0.41 g, 1.93±0.14 cm, and 4.10±0.28 cm. The bursa of Fabricius was round, cream colored having a diameter of 3.57±0.17 cm and 3.97±0.16 cm, respectively at 2 and 4 weeks of age. The diameters of left and right cecum at 2 and 4 week of age were 1.93±0.40 cm and 3.10±0.36 cm; 1.97±0.25 cm and 2.87±0.66 cm respectively.

Urinary tract infection (UTI) is one of the commonest infections encountered by clinicians and despite the widespread availability of antimicrobial agents UTI has become difficult to treat because of appearance pathogens with increasing resistance to antimicrobial agents. The aim and objectives of this study were to determine the pathogens causing UTI and to determine the antibiotic sensitivity status among these isolates in a diagnostic laboratory in Dhaka city. A laboratory based cross sectional survey was conducted in Popular Diagnostic Centre Ltd. Dhanmondi, Dhaka-1205, Bangladesh from July 2016 to December 2016. A total of 553 freshly voided midstream urine samples (10-20 ml) were collected in a wide mouth sterile container from patients and processed in microbiology laboratory to isolate pathogens and antibiotic susceptibility test using standard procedure. Among 553 urine sample, the culture positivity in urine samples was found to be 158 (28.57%) of which 39 (24.70%) were isolated from male patients and 119 (75.30%) from female patients. Escherichia coli (43.67%) were found to be the predominant pathogen followed by Staphylococcus spp. (16.45%), Enterococcus spp. (13.39%), Klebsiella spp. (13.29%), Candida spp. (5.70%), Acinetobacter spp. (4.43%), Psudomonas spp. (3.80%) and Proteus spp. (1.27%). Carbapenem group (Imipenem, Meropenem) were the most effective antibiotic with resistance between 0 and 5.1% of the gram negative isolates and Linezolid and Vancomycin was most effective in gram positive isolates. Nitrofurantoin was most effective both gram negative and gram positive isolates. This study finding showed That Escherichia. coli isolates were the predominant pathogens and showed increasing pattern to the commonly prescribed drugs in private practice that in turn leaves the clinicians with very few alternative options in drug for the treatment of UTIs.

Microbes are capable to survive on mobile phone surface and serve as a potential transporter of microorganism amongst handlers. Thus, the study focused on isolation and identification of bacteria from mobile phones of academic and non-academic staffs (including students and cleaners) of Hajee Mohammad Danesh Science and Technology University Dinajpur, Bangladesh. A total of 32 swab samples of mobile phones were collected. The bacteria isolates were identified on the basis of morphological, cultural and biochemical characterization. The total viable count (TVC) of different swab samples of mobile phones in different categories were ranged from 73×10^-6 CFU/ml to 260×10^-6 CFU/ml. Analysis revealed that, among the samples 21 (25.6%) isolates were Staphylococcus spp, 17 (20.7%) were Bacillus spp, 16 (19.5%) were Klebsiella spp, 15 (18%) were Pseudomonas spp and 13 (15.85%) were Salmonella spp. Additionally, antibiotic sensitivity test revealed the bacteria isolates were resistant to Penicillin, Amoxicillin, Cefaclor, Ofloxacin and Ciprofloxacin. The findings suggest that all the samples under observation were highly susceptible to a number of microbes belongs to the natural flora of human body. Hence, it is encouraged to avoid mobile phone handling while eating. Last but not the least, personal hygiene is highly recommended, as mobile phone can be a potential source of disease transmission.

While high income countries (HICs) have reduced the mortality from child injury, it is increasing in the low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). However, injury registry and reporting are inconsistent and not well developed in the LMICs. This study aims at describing the epidemiology of child injury in a tertiary paediatric surgical centre in Bangladesh. We retrospectively analysed all patients of injury between 0 and 12 years of age admitted in the Department of Paediatric Surgery, Chattogram Medical College Hospital during January 2017 to June 2020.  Analysis was done for the hospital prevalence, age and sex distribution, seasonal variations, mechanism of injury, site of involvement, and mortality from injury. There were a total of 538 patients and male to female ratio was 2.01:1. Hospital prevalence was 6.71%. Mean age was 6.60 ± 3.32 years. School age children were affected more (51.7%); and “6-10 years” age group had the highest number injuries (251 patients, 46.65%). The most common mechanisms of injuries were road-traffic accident (RTA, 35.32%), followed by fall (26.39%) and ‘stab or cut injury’ (20.63%). Males experienced more abdominal injuries and females had more perineal injuries (P=0.00). RTA was the commonest mechanism in males (37.05%) and falls were the commonest mechanism in females (32.96%). ‘Stab or cut injury’ was the commonest mechanism in infants and toddlers, and RTA was commonest among pre-school and school age children. There were no significant seasonal variations (P=0.09). There were 5.76% intentional injuries. Mortality was 2.60% and major causes of mortality were RTA and animal assaults. Injuries were more prevalent during the mid-childhood with an overall increasing trend with age. Mechanism of injury and site of involvement were different among different age groups and between sexes.

Transfusion of blood saves life. An error in blood transfusion, at the same time, takes life. A cross sectional study was carried out for assessing the knowledge and practice on blood transfusion among the senior staff nurses using a structured questionnaire through face to face interview in Dhaka Medical College Hospital (DMCH). Among the about half of the respondents (54.8%)% were in the age group above 40 consisting 97.6% of female where 98% were married. By professional education 79% had Diploma in nursing and midwifery and 16.9% had graduation in nursing. This study revealed that the respondents could mentioned the name of screening tests as HBsAg (65.3%), HIV (58.1%), VDRL (53.2%), HBV (23.4%) and HBC (7.3%). Things to be checked and things to be considered also evaluated among the respondent and found responsive results. This study revealed that among the respondents 57% had moderate knowledge on blood transfusion, 41% good knowledge and only 2% had poor knowledge. There is an association between knowledge level on blood transfusion and year of service. This association is statistically not significant having p value 0.074. Among the respondents almost 48.4% stated transfuse screened blood as a preventive measure to fix problems regarding blood transfusion. Around 5.6% of the respondents mentioned maintaining proper system of blood transfusion as a measure. A few respondents (4.0%) said that difficulties due to blood transfusion can be prevented by controlling blood transfusion related side effects. The nurses practice self-protection of them and patient's protection during blood transfusion. There is needed of proper training on blood transfusion for prevention of complication in the patient as well as for the nurses themselves.

Pigeon farming, like chicken and duck farming, is getting popularity nowadays in Bangladesh. The present study was conducted on the postnatal development and morphometry of egg of different breeds of pigeon available at northern Barind tract of Bangladesh. The study was conducted at thirty selected pigeon farms of three districts (Rajshahi, Natore and Pabna) of northern Barind tract of Bangladesh. The postnatal development (weight gain of squabs) of five groups (D0, D7, D14, D21, D28; D=day), and morphometry of eggs (egg weight, egg width (short axis), and length (long axis)) of breeds of pigeon (n=20, each breed) available at northern Barind tract in Bangladesh were collected and analyses with Duncan's Multiple Range test (DMRT). Considerable differences in the postnatal weight gain and egg morphometry were found among breeds of pigeon. The mature body weight of Giribaz, Kormona, Nun and Owl breeds of pigeon were below 300 gm; Satinette, Mookee, Suachandan, Lakkha, Jacobin, Bokhara, Shirajee, Homer and Pouter were 300-500 gm, and King and Strasser were below 800 gm. The postnatal weight of an age group was significantly different (p<0.05) from other age groups of all studied breeds. The highest egg length was 4.37±0.02 cm in Strasser, and the lowest was 3.68±0.01 cm in Giribaz pigeon. The highest egg width was 3.24±0.19 cm in Mookee, and the lowest was 2.73±0.02 cm in Giribug pigeon. The highest egg weight was 21.20±0.49 gm in Strasser, and the lowest was 14.00±0.23 gm in Owl pigeon. Moreover, a relationship between the body weight and egg length, width and weight of pigeons was observed in pigeons of all studied breeds.

This cross-sectional study was conducted at OPD of Khulna Medical College Hospital (KMCH). This study aimed to assess the status of Customer Relationship Management (CRM) in a tertiary level hospital in Khulna city from 1st January to 31st December 2016. Total 200 samples were included purposively. Among them 150 respondents were health care receivers and 50 participants were health care providers and interviewed with a pre-tested semi-structured questionnaire and a checklist was used to collect information regarding administrative facility, physical facility and utility services. Data were analyzed by using Statistical Package for Social Science version (SPSS) 22 and appropriate statistical tests were performed. Most (62.3%) of the service receivers were satisfied about the doctors dealing in OPD. It was found that majority of service provider (82%) had not knowledge about CRM and its objectives. Majority (82%) of the service receiver came to hospital willingly and (47.3%) of service receivers were spent less than one hours for getting total treatment.). Most (40%) of service providers said that there were a lack of service provider, modern equipment and medication in the OPD and they recommended that enhanced manpower, modern equipment and adequate supply of medication. About half 49.3% of the service receivers suggested in manpower should be increased. Therefore, attempts could be taken to implement customer relationship management as a process for improving hospitals performance and improving communication between service providers and service receiver in hospitals.