The present study was carried out to investigate the haemato-biochemical profile during different stages of lactation in local Sahiwal crossbreed dairy cows at Savar area of Dhaka district of Bangladesh. Twenty four local Sahiwal crossbreed cows were selected randomly from different small farms and divided into three groups: early stage lactation (1-3 months), mid stage lactation (4-6 months) and late stage lactation (7-9 months). Blood samples were collected during three stages of lactation. There were no statistical significant (p<0.05) variations observed in hematological parameters amongst the three stage of lactation. Although the packed cell volume (PCV), hemoglobin (Hb) concentration and RBC count were found lowest in early stage of lactation than the other groups. Total leucocyte count (TLC), platelet count (PLT), mean corpuscular volume (MCV) and mean corpuscular haemoglobin (MCH) were recorded within normal limits. Similarly, biochemical parameters were observed statistically non-significant amongst the groups studied. The glucose level was recorded lowest in early stage of lactation; whereas, the protein and creatinine concentrations were slightly higher in this stage. Aspartate aminotransferase (AST), Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) were not varied amongst the three groups of cows. Data generated during the current study may be useful as reference values for the scientific community.

In Bangladesh, Diarrhea occurs in goats of any age and is responsible for poor growth in kids and a significant loss of production both through morbidity and mortality. The study was undertaken to determine the clinical prevalence of diarrheal diseases of goats with concurrent blood profile. A total of 1,007 goats were examined which were brought for treatment in the Upazilla Veterinary Hospital, Biral, Dinajpur. Among them 149 goats were found clinically affected by diarrhea and the overall prevalence of diarrheal disease in goats was 14.80%. A total of 402 male and 605 female goats were examined and their diarrheal prevalence were 14.17%, 15.15%, respectively. The Prevalence in Jamnapari goat (18.80%) was signicantly (P<0.01) higher than in Black Bengal goats (14.26%). The prevalence (59.52%) in suckler (below 3 months) was much significantly (P<0.001) higher than in young (12.47%) and adults (13.42%). Higher prevalence was found due to parasitic infection (38.25%) with a declining order in PPR (30.20%), overfeeding (24.16%) and poisoning (7.30%). The leukocyte number significantly (P<0.001) higher in goats affected by diarrhea whereas TEC, PCV, Hb and Erythrocyte Indices were in normal ranges. From this study, it can be concluded that suckler, female goats and Jamnapari goats are more susceptible to diarrhea than adult, male goats and Black Bengal goats.

Soil reaction is an important issue that adversely affects soil fertility and crop productivity. Twenty five representative soil samples from farmers’ fields of Ramchandrakura, Bishgiripar, Andharupara and Nayabil villages of Nalitabari upazila under Sherpur district (AEZ 22-Northern and Eastern Piedmont Plains) and twenty soil samples from farmers’ fields of Bakta, Nishchintopur, Boril and Kaladaho villages of Fulbaria upazila under Mymensingh district (AEZ 28-Madhupur Tract) were collected and analyzed to study the physicochemical properties of acid soils. Among 45 samples, 13 were sandy loam, 17 were silt loam, 10 were loam, 2 were clay loam and 3 were loamy sand in texture. Soil pH was very strongly acidic to strongly acidic. The soil pH of AEZ 22 varied from 3.81 to 4.78 and that of AEZ 28 varied from 3.96 to 5.11. The organic C of Nalitabari soil varied from 0.50 to 1.35% and that of Fulbaria soils ranged from 0.50 to 1.27% showing low to medium status. The status of nutrient elements viz. N, P, K and S in most of the samples was very low or very low to medium. Total N contents of AEZ 22 varied from 0.06 to 0.14% and that of AEZ 28 varied from 0.07 to 0.16%. Available P in soils of AEZ 22 varied from 3.25 to 26.45 ppm and that in soils of AEZ 28 ranged from 2.45 to 16.62 ppm. Exchangeable K in AEZ 22 soils varied from 15.13 to 92.41 ppm and that in AEZ 28 soils varied from 16.09 to 98.41 ppm. Available S in AEZ 22 soils varied from 1.68 to 33.70 ppm and that in AEZ 28 soils from 3.95 to 27.52 ppm. Therefore, these acid soils should be amended with liming materials and fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and organic manures for successful crop production.

COVID-19 is one of the most serious global public health threats creating an alarming situation. Therefore, there is an urgent need for investigating and predicting COVID-19 incidence to control its spread more effectively. This study aim to forecast the expected number of daily total confirmed cases, total confirmed new cases, total deaths and total new deaths of COVID-19 in Bangladesh for next 3 weeks. The number of daily total confirmed cases, total confirmed new cases, total deaths and total new deaths of COVID-19 from 8 March2020 to 4 February, 2021 was collected to fit an Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) model to forecast the spread of COVID-19 in Bangladesh from 5^th February 2021 to 25^th February 2021. All statistical analyses were conducted using R-3.6.3 software with a significant level of p< 0.05.  The ARIMA (1,2,1), ARIMA (1,1,1), ARIMA (1,2,2) and ARIMA (1,1,2) model was adopted for forecasting the number of daily total confirmed cases, total confirmed new cases, total deaths and new deaths of COVID-19, respectively. The results showed that an upward trend for the total confirmed cases and total deaths, while total confirmed new cases and total new death, will become stable in the next 3 weeks if prevention measures are strictly followed to limit the spread of COVID-19. The forecasting results of COVID-19 will not be dreadful for upcoming days in Bangladesh. However, the government and health authorities should take new approaches and keep strong monitoring of the existing strategies to control the further spread of this pandemic.

To know the production performances of different commercial layer strains in Bangladesh, total 18,420 birds of ISA Brown, 14,790 birds of Novogen-Brown and 27,400 birds of Shavar-579 Brown were studied from 30 commercial layer farms (10 farms for each strain), which were randomly selected from the 7 different districts of Bangladesh by farm visit via a well structured questionnaire. All birds were reared in opensided shed in cage system. The hen day egg production percentage (HDEP%), average body weight and average feed intake per day of three different strains were studied. The HDEP% of ISA Brown, Novogen-Brown and Shaver-579 Brown were 90.79±0.44%, 78.89±1.84% and 79.13±1.41% respectively, average body weight were 1877±26.4 gm, 1885±26.9 gm and 1815.5±43.9 gm respectively, average feed intake per day were 111±1.88 gm, 109.8±1.86 gm and 112.5±1.35 gm respectively. The HDEP% was higher in ISA Brown, however there were no significant difference among strains for average body weight and average feed intake per day. Finally, it is recommended that ISA Brown is more adaptable and profitable in Bangladesh than that of other strains. Further scientific study is needed to see the production performance of different commercial layer strains in farm trail with same environmental condition.

Balanced fertilization is a pre-requisite for better rice production and it is necessary to determine optimum combination of nutrient elements for application. An experiment was conducted at the Soil Science Field Laboratory of Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh during Boro season to investigate the effects of reduced rates of phosphorus (P) and sulphur (S) on the growth, yield, nutrient content and uptake by rice. The experiment was laid out in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications and eight treatments viz. T₁: Control, T₂: Recommended Fertilizer Dose (RFD), T₃: RFD -20% P, T₄: RFD-40% P, T₅: RFD-20% S, T₆: RFD-40% S, T₇: RFD-20% PS and T₈: RFD-40% PS. The recommended fertilizer doses were 125 kg N ha^-1, 25 kg P ha^-1, 70 kg K ha^-1, 15 kg S ha^-1 and 3 kg Zn ha^-1 supplied from urea, TSP, MoP, gypsum and zinc sulphate, respectively. There was significant effect of reduced rates of P and S fertilizers on rice yield compared to control. The highest grain yield of 5.10 t ha^-1 and straw yield of 7.02 t ha^-1 were recorded from treatment T₂ (RFD) that produced the maximum values of all the yield components and the highest content and uptake of nutrients. The performance of T₂ and T₃ (RFD - 20% P) was statistically similar in producing yield parameters, yields, nutrient contents and uptake by rice. Again, 20% reduced rate of S (T₅) or of P and S (T₇) caused significant yield reduction, poor yield parameters and less nutrient uptake compared to T₂. Thus, the recommended fertilizer dose and the treatments where 20% P was reduced from the RFD are equally efficient in increasing yield as well as enhancing nutritional quality of rice. This reduction of chemical fertilizer could help lessen the cost of rice production with decreasing environmental risk.

A career is defined as advancing in a chosen job and as a result of that earning more money, taking on more responsibility, gaining more status, power, and respect A descriptive type of cross sectional study was conducted in two tertiary level Government hospitals namely Rajshahi Medical College Hospital (RMCH), Rajshahi and Shaheed Suhrawardy Medical College Hospital (ShSMCH), Sher-E-Bangla Nagar, Dhaka, Bangladesh from 1^st January to 31^st December, 2019 with the aimed to determine the career plan and related attributes of nurses in a selected tertiary hospital. Study Population was the nurses working in those two hospitals and convenience sampling technique was done, Sample size was 302. After taking written consent from the respondents, data collection was done by face to face interview using a semi-structured questionnaire. The study findings revealed that 94.0% of the respondents have career plan and only 89 respondents were received degree after employment, 43.8% nurses worked in RMCH and 56.2% nurses worked in ShSMCH. From the total respondents, 58.6% respondents expect after completion higher education they will get better job opportunity. Here, 50.0% of the respondent’s reason for no career plan had family problem, 33.3% respondents’ opinion was time consuming and only 16.7% respondents’ opinion was expensive and 56.3% had job satisfaction. Length of service significantly (p<0.001) associated with career plan and educational qualification significantly (p<0.001) associated with choosing of discipline. Professional development can be achieved through career plan, which will not only provide quality nursing care to patients but also nurses updated knowledge with new information and technology.

Integrated Management of Childhood illness (IMCI) is a strategy for reducing mortality among children under the age of 5 years. This study was aim to assess the level of knowledge on IMCI among health and family planning field worker. Convenience sampling and a semi-structured questionnaire was used to collect data among 237 respondents. Knowledge level was categorised as good, average and poor while association of categorical data were done by Chi squire test. The mean age of participants was 36.03±10.13 years where (82.3%) respondents were female. The mean duration of job was 11.27± 9.81 years where (71.7%) respondents did not have training on IMCI. Among the respondents, 42.6% didn’t know any of the objectives and 46.8% respondents knew that one of the components of IMCI, 51.5% respondents knew that IMCI to improve the health system and 35.3% respondents knew that IMCI is to improve family and community practice. Signs of diarrhoea in 0-2 month’s old baby was not known by 27.8% respondents. Majority of the respondents (72.2%) had knowledge about increased respiratory rate as a sign of pneumonia. Among the respondents, 42.6% respondents had poor knowledge regarding IMCI while 28.7% had well and (28.7%) had average knowledge. Level of knowledge was significantly associated with age (p<0.026), sex (p<0.001), place of job (p<0.001), designation (p<0.001), type of job (p<0.001), duration of Job (p<0.001), training status (p<0.002). There are many lacks in the knowledge of health and family planning field workers, they need training on IMCI to prevent the under-five mortality and morbidity.

The effects that Neem leaf extract on overall growth, feed conversion ratio (FCR), dressed weight and organs weight of broiler chickens to justify its inclusion in the diet of growing broiler chickens. 120 day old chicks divided into four treatment groups T1, T2, T3 and T4 of thirty (30) birds each were administered clean drinking water with 3gm, 4gm, 5gm and 0g neem extract respectively. Impacts of neem extract treatments on growth indices suggested that Neem extract favored growth with final body weight range of 1709gm and 1763gm. Organ weights showed no deviation from standard values for healthy broiler birds. Highest growth was observed in group T3 (1763.6±141.37gm) followed by T1, T2 and lowest was in T4 group (1565.4±161.25gm). Birds on 5gm of Neem extract in their drinking water out performed birds in other treatments in assessed growth rate indices. We therefore conclude that 5gm of Neem extract in their drinking water growing broiler birds encourages healthy growth and may serve as supplements for antibiotics, especially when birds are raised in areas with minimal access to veterinary service.

Although Sonali chicken is introduced to the poultry industry of Bangladesh during 1999-2000 and after that playing a pivotal role in national economy, no literature is available regarding histomorphometry of spleen of Sonali chicken. As spleen is a key component of chicken’s defense mechanism, the study was designed to investigate the age related development of spleen of Sonali chicken, i.e, morphohistology and biometry at several postnatal stages. The investigation was carried out on 25 healthy Sonali chickens representing different ages at after hacting days 1, 14, 28, 42, and 56 (n=5). After ethically sacrifice (cervical subluxation method), spleen was collected and subjected for both macro and microscopic examinations. Haematoxylin and Eosin stain was done for the later. Morphologically, spleen was found lying dorsally at the right side of the abdominal cavity. It was oval or rounded organ, reddish brown in color. The gross morphometric observations (average weight, organ index, length, width and thickness) found significantly increasing throughout the tenure (p<0.001). In microscopic study, no trabeculae and identifying marginal zone was recorded in the splenic parenchyma of Sonali chicken. And a component of white pulp (lymphatic nodules) appeared at day 14 onward. This study gives an insight about the age correlated development of spleen of Sonali chicken at different age intervals which advance our knowledge and leads an array for further immunization researches about immunological activities and molecular detection of spleen, which would be impossible without learning the basic anatomy.

Osteoporosis is related to the decrease in bone mineral density. To diagnose osteoporosis and to assess its severity BMD measurement is a widely used method by using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA). BMD is an essential component of the assessment of bone quality and is utilized to assess the osteoporotic status of the bone for the prevention of osteoporotic fractures. The objective of this study was assessed to analyze the correlation between BMD with BMI and age. The study was conducted on 154 patients who performed the BMD test between the periods of January 2018 to July 2019. BMD of the lumbar spine (LS) and right femoral neck (FN) were measured using the DEXA method. In statistical analysis, the BMD status was compared according to age, gender, and BMI. Correlation among BMD, BMI, and age was analyzed with the nonparametric method (spearman rank correlation). SPSS software version 25 was used for analysis. Age showed highly significant negative correlations with all skeletal sites examined. Assessments on the T-score of FN and BMI were significantly related (p<0.05, r=0.223, positive  relation). T-score of LS and BMI were positively correlated (r=0.484) and it was significant at a 95% level of significance. Both FN and LS T-score and showed a negative correlation, but it was significant. BMI and age were not significantly associated (p>0.05, r=-0.080, negative relation). As expected, the FN T-score and LS T-score showed a high correlation (r=0.484) between each other, and they were positive. Significant correlations were observed among BMD, BMI, and age of the patients. To identify the cause of osteoporosis, BMI and patients age can be considered as risk factors during BMD study. Our hope is that future research will reveal osteoporosis prevention targets effective for the growing population of aging men and women.

The burden of cancer is increasing very rapidly day by day all over the world, largely due to an increasing unhealthy lifestyle. Some cross-sectional studies have been conducted on lifestyle of cancer patients based on Sylhet city, Bangladesh. However, to the best of our knowledge, no study has been done based on longitudinal aspect considering whole Bangladesh, therefore, we aimed to conduct a longitudinal study to know the effects of lifestyle and heritability on cancer in Bangladesh. We selected total 384 cancer patients by using simple random sampling from eight divisions during December 2018, and created a cohort in each division in Bangladesh. After one year, we collected their survival data from four selected cohorts. We used a Cox proportional hazards model for survival data. It was found that overall female patient’s survival rate is higher than male patients. It was also observed that the significant factors of the lifestyle dimension influence the hazard function of the cancer patients. It indicates that more consumption of beverages, fast food, chips/chocolates/ice-cream, smoking and betel nut increased the hazard of cancer. That is, changing lifestyle is needed to reduce the cancer diseases in future. Taken together, the findings of this study may be able to make awareness in the society about the cancer, afterwards it might be able to reduce the cancer diseases in future in regional, national and international level to improve public health sectors.