This study aims to identify the presence of Actinomyces species in the oral flora during orthodontic treatments using removable appliances and fixed wire technique, and to track changes throughout the treatment process. In this study, subgingival and supragingival plaque samples obtained from 48 patients undergoing orthodontic treatment at a dental facilities of Ataturk University, Türkiye were utilized as the primary material. The study groups comprised individuals undergoing fixed orthodontic treatment, those using removable appliances, and individuals who had not undergone any orthodontic treatment. Plaque samples were collected from the patients at the initiation of treatment and six months thereafter. After selective culturing in a specific medium, dental plaque samples were purified and subjected to microbial analysis using the VITEK 2 system (Biomerieux). The study aimed to identify and compare the microbial content of plaque samples from different orthodontic treatment groups. Actinomyces species were identified in all groups at both the initiation of treatment (T0) and six months later (T1) periods. At the beginning of treatment, Actinomyces species were found in 33 samples, while at six months, they were present in 18 samples. The curent study revealed similar microorganisms among the groups at both T0 and T1 periods. The Actinomyces species identified in this study include Actinomyces meyeri, Actinomyces naeslundii, and Actinomyces odontolyticus. It is evident that orthodontic treatments significantly impact oral health and that Actinomyces microorganisms are always likely to be present in the oral flora.

Bangladesh, with its extensive river network, vast coastlines, and rich maritime heritage, stands at the crossroads of a transformative Blue Economy. This comprehensive review explores the rich tapestry of Bangladesh's maritime journey. Commencing with a historical lens, it traces the nation's roots in fisheries, showcasing its transformation into a diversified and dynamic Blue Economy. The significance of this transition unfolds across the review, underscoring the sector's contributions to GDP, employment, and food security, while candidly addressing challenges such as overfishing and environmental impact. This work not only chronicles historical milestones but distills valuable lessons from both successes and setbacks, offering a nuanced understanding of the economic resilience embedded in Bangladesh's fisheries sector. Beyond a historical retrospective, the review navigates through the contemporary landscape, emphasizing diversification beyond fisheries. It illuminates economic opportunities in maritime trade, explores non-fish marine resources, and delves into the transformative role of aquaculture. The policy framework governing Bangladesh's Blue Economy comes into focus, dissecting government strategies, legal landscapes, and international collaborations. The review also champions environmental sustainability, highlighting the impact of Blue Economy activities on marine ecosystems and advocating for conservation measures, thus positioning Bangladesh as a steward of its rich maritime heritage. Financial mechanisms and investments emerge as pivotal elements, shaping the trajectory of Blue Economy projects, as evidenced by case studies that weave success stories and lessons learned into the narrative. Concluding with a forward-looking perspective, the study identifies emerging trends, growth opportunities, and strategies to tackle challenges, offering a comprehensive roadmap for sustainable development. In weaving together economic vibrancy, environmental stewardship, and future aspirations, this review illuminates Bangladesh's maritime odyssey as a beacon for the global Blue Economy community.

The process of fish drying in Char Patharghata, Chattagram district, and its distribution channels serve as vital components of the local economy. This study aims to delve into the intricacies of this process, analyzing the activities of each value chain actor from raw fish supplier to dry fish consumer. Through the analysis of various value chain actors, from fishermen to consumers, the study seeks to uncover insights into the dynamics of this industry. From January 2022 to August 2022, semi-structured questionnaires were employed to gather data for this study. Seven main value chain actors were identified, including fishermen, processing center owners, processors, Aratdars, wholesalers, retailers, and consumers. Interviews were conducted with 19 fishermen, 5 owners of dry fish processing industries, 48 processors, 25 Aratdars, 15 wholesalers, 18 retailers, and 22 consumers, selected randomly. The study revealed that a significant proportion of fishermen were illiterate and employed on a contractual basis by fishing vessel owners. Additionally, a substantial majority of dried fish processors were female, with disparities observed in wages between male and female workers. During the observed timeframe, a total of 19 species spanning 14 families were noted to be utilized for drying. Notably, Churi (Lepturacanthus savala), Phaisa (Setipinna phasa), and Hangor (Scoliodon sorrakowah) emerged as the predominant species in this process, with concerns raised regarding the maintenance of dried fish quality. The dried fish industry holds considerable economic importance in the local community, with high consumption rates among residents. However, challenges exist in maintaining the quality of dried fish products. Recommendations are proposed to improve the quality of dry fish and enhance the livelihood standards of fishers, processors, and other stakeholders involved in the processing and distribution of dried fish. These measures aim to foster sustainable growth and development within the industry, benefiting both producers and consumers.

Avian mycoplasmosis, caused by Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG), imposes a significant threat to the poultry industry in Bangladesh, leading to considerable economic losses. This study aimed to determine the seroprevalence of MG and characterize the associated pathology in MG-infected layer birds from different geographical areas within the Nilphamari district. Our hypothesis suggested that the seroprevalence of MG infection in layer birds may vary based on geographical location within the Nilphamari district of Bangladesh, with higher prevalence expected in areas with colder temperatures, such as during the winter season, and in densely populated poultry farming regions. For the serum plate agglutination test, 400 random blood samples were collected, while tissue samples from suspected layer birds with respiratory distress were obtained from 40 commercial layer farms for histopathological analysis. The serum plate agglutination test revealed an overall seroprevalence of MG of 64.25%, with the highest prevalence occurring during the winter season (70%), particularly among layer birds aged 20-40 weeks. Moreover, the seroprevalence of MG was significantly higher in Kishoregonj upazila (68%) compared to Nilphamari sadar (62%). Gross examination of MG-infected layer birds unveiled characteristic features such as tracheal hemorrhages and mucous accumulation, pulmonary edema and hemorrhages, and air sac cloudiness. Histopathological observations included tracheal mucosal sloughing and increased goblet cell numbers, as well as lung edema, hemorrhages, and tissue destruction, alongside significant reactive cell infiltration and exudation in the air sacs. By shedding light on the current MG infection status in layer chickens within the Nilphamari district, this study provides valuable insights to aid poultry industry stakeholders in formulating preventive strategies and enhancing the overall health and welfare of poultry flocks.

Abstract not available

Cross-contamination of food contact surfaces can impose crucial barriers to food safety. Ready-to-eat (RTE) food items’ have the possibility of contamination during handling and serving from the terminal contact surfaces like hands, serving plates and tables, spoons, knives, and glasses. Considering these, this study was aimed to investigate the microbial load of these contact surfaces. Swab samples were collected from four crucial RTE foods contact surfaces for instance food handlers’ hands (HHS), plates (PS), tables (TbS), and spoons (SS) surfaces of twenty randomly selected local restaurants. To quantify the microbial load of these surfaces, total viable count (TVC) count was assessed using nutrient agar (NA), and total coliform (TC) count and fecal Escherichia coli (E. coli) were identified based on colony characteristics on chromocult coliform agar (CCA) media using standard methodologies described in previous studies. E. coli colonies from all contact surfaces and bacterial colonies isolated from HHS samples were confirmed by biochemical tests.  Substantial number of bacterial presence was observed in all the samples, where TbS (1.93×105 CFU/cm²) and HHS (6.77×104 CFU/cm²) and SS (2.80×10² CFU/cm²) and HHS (2.88×102 CFU/cm²) had the highest TVC and TC count respectively. 65% of all samples were found to be contaminated with fecal E. coli while HHS samples harbored major foodborne pathogens like Salmonella, Shigella, Klebsiella spp., and Bacillus cereus. The study indicates poor microbial quality of these food contact surfaces which could implicate cross-contamination of the food items and incidences of foodborne illness among the consumers of these restaurants. These scenarios urge further studies on routes of these microbial contamination and limiting ways to enhance food safety in these restaurants.