This review presents the idea of phytoremediation which is a generic term given to a set of technologies that uses different plants to contain, extract, degrade or immobilize contaminants from soil and water. Being a cost saving procedure compared to conventional treatments it has become an interesting method in remediation technology. Moreover, for developing countries like Bangladesh, along with the cost effectiveness, phytoremediation is also suitable for its environmental friendly and aesthetically pleasing approach. This paper reports about the mobility, bioavailability and plant response to the presence of harmful contaminants in our environment. It also gives an insight into the work done by authors, which focuses on modifying plants to have increased phytoremediation properties, studying the expression profile of miRNAs and their target genes responsible for phytoremediation. Thus, this paper attempted to provide a concise review on recent progresses in research and convenient applications of phytoremediation for environmental resources.

The productive and reproductive performance of indigenous buffaloes at Kawkhali Upazilla under Pirojpur district was studied. Fifty seven (57) buffalo owners were interviewed by written interviewed paper from Kawkhali Upazilla under Pirojpur district in 2010. Out of 57 families 30 containing 45 milch cows, 34 dry cows, 42 heifer calves, 23 bull calves and 17 bull which were counted for calculation. The study demonstrated that the distribution of buffalo populations were scattered and the average buffalo populations were 5.37 per house-holds, age at puberty 45.03 ± 6.97 months, lactation length 242.60±41.46 days, milk yield 2.35±0.703 liters/day, gestation period 317.47±6.57 days, body weight 23.77±5.20 kg/calf, age at first calving 55.33±7.20 months, calving interval 650.93±79.57 days and average post partum heat period was 235.90±52.24 days. These data will be helpful for future research and also give a guideline for buffalo development in Bangladesh.

The aim of this study was to examine whether the positive response in milk production and nutritional quality of milk in local dairy cows in Khulna fed with sugar beet silage. 18 dairy cows of local breed and cross-breed were used in as 2x2 Latin square design experiments with 2 rations: (1) control with wheat bran as energy source and (2) treatment group with sugar beet silage as energy source. A total of 72 milk samples were collected to evaluate fat, solids not fat, (SNF), total solids (TS), protein, lactose. The milk production and nutritional quality of sampled milk for both group 1 and 2, milk yield (2.04%±1.20 and 2.28%±1.52%),fat (3.47%±1.64% and 3.49%±1.71%), SNF (8.20%±0.69% and 8.17±0.95), TS (12.39%±1.89% and 12.37%±2.20), protein (3.61%±0.50% and 3.66%±0.90%), lactose (4.55%±0.53% and 4.52%±0.78%), were not significant (p>0.05).The correct lactometer reading for both locations was 29.83%±2.11% and 29.41%±3.16%, respectively. Nutritional composition of sample milk in local and cross breed, milk yield (1.31±0.18 and 3.86±1.09), fat (4.101±1.43 and 2.26±1.42), SNF (8.31±0.87 and 7.94±0.66), TS (13.11±1.91 and 10.91±1.41), Protein (3.62±0.78 and 3.67±0.60), Lactose (4.67±0.52 and 4.26±0.83) were statistically significant ((p>0.05).) In conclusion, sugar beet silage feeding has no negative effect and milk production and milk quality. Feeding ensiled sugar beets as an alternative energy-rich, highly palatable feedstuff to ruminants in Bangladesh seems therefore to be promising.

The present study was conducted at the Artificial Insemination Center under the Department of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Bangladesh Agricultural University and 3 selected regions of Mymensingh district (Bhabakhali, Boera and Douhakhula) to find out the reproductive performance of indigenous cows using Brahman cross-bred bull in a participatory breeding program. Semen characteristics of Brahman cross-bred breeding bulls were ejaculate volume, mass motility, sperm concentration and live sperm percentage were evaluated. A total of 1087 indigenous cows and four Brahman cross-bred breeding bulls (Bull ID ABG011, ABG012, ABG013 and ABG014) were used. Data on ejaculate volume, mass motility, sperm concentration and live sperm percentage of Brahman cross-bred breeding bulls were analyzed by SAS computer program. The pooled values of ejaculate volume, mass motility, sperm concentration and live sperm percentage were 4.00±0.06 ml, 69.19±0.29%, 1144.59±5.73 million/ml and 83.55±0.97%, respectively. The ejaculate volume, mass motility, sperm concentration and live sperm percentage were differed significantly (p<0.05) among the bulls in different seasons. Individual bull had significant (p<0.01) effect on the ejaculate volume, mass motility and sperm concentration. Season also had significant (p<0.01) effects on the ejaculate volume, mass motility, sperm concentration and live sperm percentage. Highest non-return rate (87.31%) was found on bull ABG012 in Bhabakhali where maximum conception rate (71.60%) was observed in Bhabakhali. The highest calving rate (96.29%) at second parity was obtained in Boera. Variations on ejaculate volume, mass motility, sperm concentration and live sperm percentage of Brahman cross-bred breeding bulls indicated that there is further scope to select breeding bull on the basis of semen production potential which would be use to upgrade indigenous cows for improving their beef production.

An outbreak investigation was conducted in poultry farms of two Upazilas (Bograsadar & Sherpur) of Bogra district of Bangladesh to identify potential risk factors associated with occurrence of Infectious Bursal Disease (IBD)/Gumboro during February-March 2015. A total of 75 farms were recruited under a crosssectional study of which 40% (n=30) „infected farms‟ and 60% (n=45) „non infected farms‟ from the 2 Upazilas. The infected farms were included from active and passive surveillance data of two Upazila Livestock Offices and District Veterinary Hospital (DVH), Bogra. The non-infected farms were included by convenient sampling technique from the same areas of the two Upazila. The data were collected from the poultry farms using pretested semi-structured questionnaire. A total of 75 farmers were interviewed of which 87% (n=67) male farmers, 11% (n=8) female farmers with an average age of 38(±9) years. Sixty percent (n=45) famers were rearing Sonali type of bird with a flock size 1554(±745) and 40% (n=30) farmers with broiler type of bird with a farm size 828(±263). Among the infected farms, 86.67% (n=26) farms were infected in Sadar Upazila and 13.37% (n=4) farms infected in Sherpur Upazila. The case fatality rate in Broiler and Sonali were 47.47%, 30.32% respectively with an average 33.26%. The study found that 26.67% (n=20) farms had practiced daily disinfection and 34.67% (n= 26) farms did not allow visitors in the farms. The potential risk factors relating to biosecurity aspects were found significant in this study at level of p≤0.05, were, “not practicing all in all out”(OR= 11.15, 95% CI= 2.03-61.16, p= 0.006), “not practicing cleaning and disinfection daily”(OR=7.92, 95% CI=1.2-52.28, p=0.03), “having partial netting of the farm” (OR= 36.97, 95% CI= 3.40-402.40, p=0.003) along with “inappropriate gap between two production cycle” (OR= 15.40, 95% CI= 2.27-99.57, p=0.005). The results from PE presented that good quality chicks (DOCs), farm bio-security, detection of antibody titerat day 1 in conjunction with implementing proper vaccination schedule to be followed for successful IBD prevention and control at the farm level. In conclusion, proper bio-security measures with strict vaccination protocol should be maintained mandatorily to control of IBD at the poultry farm in this district.

The study was conducted to determine the level of accumulation of arsenic concentration in lungs, intestine, gizzard and skin of broilers. Forty eight apparently healthy day-old “Star-bro” broiler chicks (already vaccinated with Marek’s disease vaccine in the hatchery) were reared up to 34 days. All chicks were reared in the same brooder up to 7 days of age and then all broiler chicks (48) were divided into 4 different groups; Group-A, Group-B, Group-C and Group Control each consisting of 12 chicks. Birds of Group-A, B, and C were given 1, 0.5, and 0.25 ppm arsenic, respectively mixing with drinking water (distilled water). No arsenic treatment was given in the Control Group. Two birds from each group were selected randomly for slaughter at the day of 14, 21, 28, 30, 32 and 34, respectively. Body weight was noted down and external examination was performed before post mortem examinations. After collection, the samples were prepared by a series of steps such as, washing, drying and digestion; finally arsenic was detected by atomic absorption spectophotometric method. The mean highest arsenic concentration in lungs, intestine, gizzard and skin were 1.027±0.1265 ppm in Group-B, 0.422±0.0228 ppm in group-A, 0.2885±0.032 ppm in group-B, 0.3198±0.057 ppm in group-A (in all case n=6), respectively. In this study it was found that the level of arsenic in lungs, intestine, gizzard and skin is greater than that of the maximum permissible level in drinking water (0.05ppm, WHO). From the findings of the present study gives an indication of severe human health hazards caused by arsenic through animals as well as agro based human food which is still unnoticed.

To determine the effect of milking hygiene on keeping quality of milk at room temperature, 15 “Red Chittagong” milking cows were randomly and equally distributed under three different milking hygiene conditions (just previous to milking) such as T₁=Washing and disinfection of udder and teats, milkers’ hands, and a sanitary rinse of milking pails with home-made calcium hypochlorite solution (200ppm Cl); T₂=Washing of udder and teats, milkers’ hands, and milking pails with normal farm water; and T₃=dry milking without any preparation of cows’ udder and teats , milkers’ hands and milking pails. Microbial study revealed an average Standard Plate Count (million cfu/ml) respectively for T_1, T₂, and T₃ of 0.057±0.014, 0.708±0.8 and 0.161±0.037 at 0 hr; 0.263±0.080, 2.548±0.780 and 0.746±0.170 at 4 hr; 1.820±0.370, 18.711±5.050 and 5.578±1.840 at 8 hr; and 20.478±4.050, 25.578 ±2.200 and 22.367±3.400 at COB+ve. Average coliform count (thousand cfu/ml) were 0.038±0.024, 0.359±0.092 and 0.123±0.022 at 0 hr; 0.166 ± 0.100, 1.754±0.450 and 0.510±0.110 at 4 hr; 0.990±0.500, 12.810±4.010 and 3.350±0.850 at 8 hr; and 20.456±8.610, 25±5.440 and 24.440±5.460 at COB+ve respectively for T_1, T₂, and T₃. Microbial counts up to 8hr were significantly (p<0.01) different among treatments. The methylene Blue Reduction Time were significantly (p<0.01) different at different holding and a reduction time of 5.5 hr or more (>330 min.) was retained for at least 6 hr by milk of T­₁, for only 2 hr by T₂ milk and for 4 hr by T₃ milk. There were non-significant differences in MBRT at COB+ve. Average acidity percentage were 0.1584, 0.1622 and 0.1611 at 0 hr; 0.1667, 0.1778 and 0.1683 at 4 hr; 0.1800, 0.2103, and 0.1846 at 8 hr; and 0.240, 0.258 and 0.240 at COB+ve respectively for T₁, T₂ and T_3. There were no significant differences in acidity percentage initially and at COB+ve. Average COB+ve time were 12.39, 8.83 and 11.94 hr, and normal smell of milk retained on an average up to10.83 , 6.22 and 8.83 hr, respectively for T₁, T₂ and T₃. Both the COB+ve time and normal smell hr of T₁ milk were significantly higher (p<0.01). Keeping quality time calculated by averaging the results of COB+ve time and evaluation of milk smell (hr) were on an average 11.67hr, 8hr and 10.08 hr respectively for T_1, T₂ and T₃. Milk produced with better milking hygiene showed longer keeping quality time.

Field experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of seed treatment and foliar spray with four different plants extracts viz. Lawsonia alba, Adhatoda vesica, Swertia chirayaita, Calendula officinalis, two chemicals viz. Provax-200 WP (0.4%), Bavistin (0.3%) and BAU-Biofungicide (a Trichoderma based preparation) on disease severity, yield and yield contributing characters of wheat cv. Kanchan during the period from March, 2014 to April, 2015. The highest seedling number/m² (168.0) recorded in case of seed treatment + foliar spray with Bavistin and the lowest (133.0) in case of Lawsonia alba leaf extract at 30 DAS. The highest plant height (112.69 cm) and panical length (11.86 cm) were recorded in case of seed treatment + foliar spray with BAU-Biofungicide and the lowest in untreated control. The maximum disease severity was recorded in untreated control at all counts, but minimum disease severity was recorded in case of using seed treatment + foliar spray with BAU-Biofungicide at 4^th count. The highest 1000-grain weight (41.590 g) was found in case of seed treatment + foliar spray with BAU-Biofungicide followed by seed treatment + foliar spray with Bavistin (41.340 g) and the lowest (39.073 g)  in untreated control. The highest grain yield/ha (4769.85 kg) was found in case of seed treatment + foliar spray with BAU-Biofungicide and the lowest (3069.85 kg) in untreated control. Seed treatment + foliar spray with BAU-Biofungicide resulted 35.64% increase of yield over untreated control. The maximum number of grade-0 seeds (89.90 %) was recorded in case of seed treatment + foliar spray with BAU-Biofungicide and the lowest (80.1%) in case of untreated control. Therefore, BAU-Biofungicide can successfully be used for eco-friendly management of leaf blight disease of wheat for obtaining higher yield by avoiding chemicals.

The purpose of this research work was to improve the aqueous solubility and dissolution rate of carbamzepine by solid dispersion (SD) technique. Polyethylene Glycol 6000, Polyethylene Glycol 4000, poloxamer 407 and povidone k 30 were used as water soluble polymer for preparing solid dispersion. Solid dispersions were prepared by the solvent evaporation method. Methanol was used as solvent. Drug-carrier physical mixtures were also prepared to compare the rate of dissolution. Effects of different polymer were studied for solid dispersion formulation as well as physical mixtures. A significant increase, almost 100% in the release of carbamzepine within one hour was observed in case of the solid dispersion formulations containing PEG 6000 in combination with poloxamer 407 at the ratio of 1: 1: 5. By far, Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopic studies showed the stability of carbamazepine and absence of well-defined drug-polymer interactions. The Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) studies indicated that the incorporation of polymers transforms crystalline carbamazepine into amorphous state, thus increasing its solubility and dissolution rate.

An extracellular protease producing bacteria was isolated from poultry waste deposited site at Dhamrai, Dhaka. The isolated bacteria was confirmed as Pseudomonas aeruginosa after performing different morphological and biochemical tests The extracellular protease from the isolated P. aeruginosa was partially purified and characterized. The enzyme was purified by ammonium sulphate precipitation and DEAE cellulose column chromatography. SDS-PAGE was performed and the presence of protease enzyme was confirmed and the molecular weight of protease was determined as 66 KDa. Dehairing treatment with the isolated protease enzyme showed higher activity comparing with some available protease of other bacterial sources as well as conventional chemical method. Effect of pH, temperature, salt-ions and other effector molecules on protease from isolated P. aeruginosa was also examined. The enzyme showed higher activity at pH 8.0 and optimum temperature was found as 35-45˚C. The activity of the enzyme slightly decreased in presence of salt-ions (Mg⁺⁺, Ca⁺⁺, Zn⁺⁺, Mn⁺⁺, Na⁺, K⁺) and inhibitors (EDTA, 2-mercaptoethenol, DMSO, SDS, Ethanol, Methanol). The deactivating effect of 2-marceptoethanol indicated the enzyme as cystine protease.

The field experiment was conducted at the Soil Science Field Laboratory of Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh during Aman season of 2014 to study the influence of different levels of zinc applied from two sources on the yield and Zn uptake of BRRI dhan49. The soil was silt loam in texture having pH 6.8, organic matter 2.72%, total N 0.151 %, available P 4.00 mg kg^-1, available K 0.08 cmol kg^-1, available S 15.9 mg kg^-1 and available Zn 0.90 mg kg^-1. The experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design with three replications. There were seven treatments with different rates of Zn viz. T₁: Zn0, T₂: Zn1 as ZnO, T₃: Zn2 as ZnO, T₄: Zn3 as ZnO, T₅: Zn1 as ZnSO₄, T₆: Zn2 as ZnSO_4, and T₇: Zn3 as ZnSO₄ where 0, 1, 2 and 3 represent the rate of Zn in kg ha^-1. Recommended doses of N, P, K and S fertilizers were added to all plots and they were used in the form of urea, TSP, MoP and gypsum, respectively. Addition of Zn had significant effect on the grain and straw yields of BRRI dhan49. Application of ZnO at 3 kg ha^-1 (T₄) produced the highest grain (5294 kg ha^-1) and straw (6567 kg ha^-1) yields. The control treatment (Zn0) produced the lowest grain (3183 kg ha^-1) and straw (3614 kg ha^-1) yields. The other plant parameters such as panicle length, tillers hill^-1 and grains panicle^-1, but not plant height and 1000-grain weight were also influenced significantly by the application of zinc. Zn concentration and uptake by BRRI dhan49 were also influenced by the addition of Zn. The total Zn uptake by the BRRI dhan49 varied from 173 g ha^-1 in control to 353 g ha^-1 in T₄. Thus, results suggest that application of ZnO @ 3 kg ha^-1 along with NPKS at recommended rates needs to be applied for achieving higher yield of aman rice in Old Brahmaputra Floodplain Soil.

The study was undertaken to evaluate the productive and reproductive performances of Black Bengal Goat (BBG) under farming condition. Data were collected from Bangladesh Livestock Research Institute (BLRI) goat research farm during 2006 to June 2013. Data were analyzed by SPSS version 17.0 statistical computerprogram. The mean of birth weight of kid irrespective ofsex was 1.31 kg. Live weights at 3, 6, 9 and 12 months were 5.65, 9.63, 14.20 and 17.70 kg, respectively. Weaning weight was heavier in second generation (G₂) (5.34 kg) followed by 5.15 kg in first generation (G₁), 4.87 kg in third generation (G₃) and 4.17 kg in foundation stock (G₀) with an overall mean of 4.88 kg. Body weight gain at 0-3 month, 3-6 month, 6-9 month, and 9-12 month ages were 66.34±1.69 g/d, 41.54±2.02 g/d, 49.97±3.10 g/d and 39.28±4.35 g/d, respectively. Body weight gain from 0-12 month age was 56.31±1.40 g/d. Average daily milk yield, lactation length and total milk per lactation were 287.7 ml/d, 61.5 days and 19129.40 ml, respectively. Average age and weight at puberty were 182.7±7.25 days and 9.81±0.34 kg, respectively. Age and weight at 1^st service were 187.56±8.33 days and 9.91±0.39 kg, respectively. Number of services per conception was 1.37±0.03. Average litter size, gestation length, post partum heat period, days open and kidding interval were 1.75±0.03, 142.45±0.31 days, 33.39±1.82 days, 46.62±2.86 days and 188.01±2.14 days, respectively. The results indicate that despite of having promising prolificacy and breeding and reproductive efficiency of BBG, still there need to be improved for birth weight, weight gain and milk yield of dam.

An experiment was conducted to determine the effects of different levels of energy on growth performance of crossbred (Indigenous × Holstein Friesian) bull calves. Feeding trial was conducted for sixty days long with twelve numbers of crossbred bull calves having almost similar body weight (115±5 kg) and age (1 year and 9 months). The parameters of energy requirements for crossbred bull calves were feed intake (DM), nutrient intake, changes in body weight, daily live weight changes, feed conversion efficiency, co-efficient of digestibility of different nutrients, nutritive value and requirements of energy for maintenance and growth. Four levels of dietary energy (T_0, T_1, T₂ and T₃) were supplied to the experimental animals for this purpose. The level of ME was T₀ = 17.4 MJ/d as maintenance ration, T₁ = 20.22 MJ/d for 200 g/d targeted LWG, T₂ = 23.37 MJ/d for 400 g/d targeted LWG, T₃ = 27.29 MJ/d for 600 g/d targeted LWG. It was found that the average daily live weight gain in T₁ (290 g) fulfills against the targeted live weight gain (200 g/d). On the other hand, the expected live weight gain for T₂ and T₃ (400 g/ d and 600 g/d) were not fulfill at the end of experiment. The energy requirement for 100 kg body weight of crossbred bull calves was 17.4 MJ d^-1 as maintenance and 15.44 MJ d^-1 required for growth of 200g/ d.

The present study was undertaken to evaluate the organoleptic, specific gravity, chemical and microbiological qualities of morning and evening milk which collected from Bangladesh Agricultural University Dairy Farm, Mymensingh. In this purposes, six Holstein Friesian crossbred cows were selected for this study. Milk samples were collected every morning and evening immediately after milking and then subjected to test all mentioning parameters. Morning milk showed less yellowish than evening milk whereas flavor, body and texture were found normal in both intervals of milk. Specific gravity was found higher (1.030 ±0.000) in morning milk than evening and significantly (p<0.01) higher fat content observed in evening milk sample due to the more exercise the whole day. Again, total solids, solids-not-fat, protein and lactose content of milk showed significant difference at p<0.05. Other parameters like acidity percent and ash did not show any significant difference. Significantly (p<0.05) higher coliform count was noticed in morning milk than evening milk and non-significant (p>0.05) difference found in total viable count of both intervals milk. Considering the research findings, it might be said that evening milk was better than morning milk.

This study was conducted to find out the effect of feeding Leucaena leucocephala leaf meal on growth performance and digestibility of nutrients in growing rabbit and to know the cost of rabbit production. For this purpose, a total of twelve unsexed New Zealand White rabbits at 42 days of age were distributed randomly in three treatment groups, i.e. control (T₀), adding 10% Leucaena leucocephala leaf meal (T₁) in concentrate diet and adding 15% Leucaena leucocephala  leaf meal (T₂) in concentrate diet. All diets were iso-energic and iso-nitrogenous. Various aspects of the study, measurements taken in a 56 days experimental period were final body weight gain, feed intake, feed conversion ratio and feeding cost of rabbit production. Results show that the final body weight of rabbits was 1200±30, 1325±85 and 1114±136g_, for the treatments of T₀, T₁ and T₂, respectively. The body weights of rabbits were significantly higher in T₁ over T₂ and T₀ groups. The average daily feed intake and feed conversion ratio were 109, 75.55, 83.57g and 9.55, 5.48 and 8.51 for the respective diets/treatments. The growth rate of T₀, T₁ and T₂ treatment groups were 1.05, 1.44 and 0.99, respectively. There was significant effect of different treatment groups on growth rate, feed intake and feed conversion ratio (FCR). The digestibility of dry matter (DM) was the highest in diet T₀ followed by diet T₂ and T₁, respectively. The digestibility of CP was slightly higher for treatment T₂ containing 15% Leucaena dry leaf than that of treatment T₀ and T_1. The digestibility of crude fiber (CF) and ether extract was significantly (P<0.01) difference among the treatment groups. The highest NFE digestibility was recorded for diet T₀ and lowest for diet T₁. The costs of these three concentrate mixture were 24.43, 21.48 and 20.21Tk/kg for diet T₀, T₁ and T_2, respectively. The reduction of feed cost of producing 1 kg live weight was by 53% in T₁ and by 31% in T₂ group from T₀ group. It may be concluded that Leucaena leucocephala leaf meal at 10% inclusion level may be used as an alternative source of protien in the diet of rabbit as there was no adverse effect (toxicity) on feed consumption and feed conversion ratio. It may be recommended that adding 10% level of Leucaena leucocephala leaf meal of the diet for economic rabbit meat production.

Studies were conducted to investigate the health condition of a small indigenous fish Channa punctatus through clinical and histopathological observations for a period of six months. The samples were collected from different fish markets of Mymensingh District. Water quality parameters viz., temperature and dissolve oxygen were recorded and, clinical and histopatlogical study were done at monthly intervals. Normal appearances were observed during the months of October to November and also February to March from the fish samples of three fish markets. In the months of December and January, fishes were more affected having scale loss, red spots, deep dermal ulcer in Sankipara Railway Crossing and Gollpukurpar markets. Histopathologically, marked necrosis, pyknosis, haemorrhage and fungal granuloma were observed in skin and muscle. Gills of fishes from Sankipara Railway Crossing and Gollpukurpar markets had found monogenetic trematode, hypertrophy, clubbing and pyknosis in December and January. Livers of the examined fishes had no pathogen and showed less pathological signs compared to other organs. Fungal granuloma, necrosis, haemorrhage and vacuoles were found in the kidney of fishes collected from Gollpukurpar market and Sankipara Rail Crossing market. The investigated species C. punctatus was found more affected in Gollpukurpar and Sankipara Rail Crossing market than the fish samples of K-R market during the month of December and January. In the other months there were reduced clinical and histological symptoms in fish of all the markets.

This research was carried out to isolate and identify lactobacilli from yogurt and vegetables sample from Dhaka, Bangladesh. Twenty five Lactobacillus strains were isolated and identified as Lactobacillus species based on cultural characteristics, biochemical tests, and sugar fermentation. The results showed only four among twenty five isolates were highly responded to probiotic criteria such as low pH tolerance (2.5), bile salt tolerance (2%), gastric juice tolerance (0.5% bile salt, 0.2% NaCl, 0.32% pepsin pH 2.5) in-vitro and were identified strains as Lactobacillus plantarum imy-21, Lactobacillus plantarumimy-22, Lactobacillus plantarum imv-26 and Lactobacillus acidophilus imy-37 according to Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology and 16s rDNA sequencing. All of the strains were showed protease activity on skim milk agar. These strains were sensitive to ampicillin, doxycycline, erythromycin and tetracycline; also have antimicrobial activity against enteric pathogen such as ATCC of Salmonella Enteritidis, Staphylococcus aureus, Listeria monocytogenes, Shigella flexneri, Bacillus cereus, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Escherichia coli (environmental isolates). Four isolated Lactobacilli strains were able to maintain their probiotic properties in freeze dried condition over 90 day’s storage. This study concludes that these strains may be used as potential candidate as probiotic food.

The present study was undertaken to detect and quantify the left over residue of Fenvalerate and Acephate in bean and tomato and comparison between the detected residue levels with Maximum Residue Limit (MRL) set by FAO/WHO. Two supervised field trials (one for Fenvalerate and another for Acephate) were carried out sprayed with the field dose of Fenvalerate (1.0ml/L of water) and Acephate (1.0gm/L of water). Samples were collected at 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14 and 15 days after spray. The left over residue of Fenvalerate was detected up to 14 DAS, of which up to 3 DAS the quantities of residue were above MRL (1 ppm) in both the vegetables (bean, tomato). This insecticide remained 0.601-0.035 ppm residue in bean and 0.443-0.014 ppm in tomato which were below MRL at 4 to 14 DAS. The high amount of Acephate was detected for a longer period than Fenvalerate and it was found up to 14 DAS in which MRL values (0.5 ppm) were found above up to 9 DAS with 0.623 ppm in tomato and 0.928 ppm in bean. Samples of 10, 11, 12, 13 and 14 DAS of Acephate contained residues 0.289-0.032 ppm in bean and 0.465-0.029 ppm in tomato which were below MRL. At 15 DAS, no residue was detected. Therefore, bean and tomato can be harvested safely at 4 days after spray for Fenvalerate and 10 days after spray for Acephate.

The study was conducted on Bergobindapur baor at Chaugachha upazila under Jessore district. The study period was February to June, 2015. Data were collected by using participatory rural appraisal (PRA) tools and personal observation. Stocking densities of silver carp, catla, rohu, mrigal, grass carp, common carp (size 5-6 inch) were 48, 15, 35, 28, 16 and 10 kg/ha and composition were 31%, 10%, 23%, 19%, 10% and 7% in the fiscal year 2013-2014, respectively. In 2014-2015 stocking densities of silver carp, catla, rohu, mrigal, grass carp, common carp (size 5-6 inch) were 28, 9, 23, 9, 9 and 14 kg/ha and composition were 30%, 10%, 25%, 10%, 10%, and 15%, respectively. Total stocking density of carp species was 152 kg/ha in the fiscal year 2013-2014 and 92 kg/ha in 2014-2015. Production of carps and SIS were 345.62 and 258.065 kg/ha in 2013-2014 and 323.065 and 276.50 kg/ha in 2014-2015, respectively. In the study area, seine net was used for komor and kochal (local name) fishing. Carp species harvested by komor and kochal fishing in 2013-2014 were 276.50 kg/ha, 69.12 kg/ha and in 2014-2015 were 274.61 and 48.43 kg/ha, respectively. Marketing channel started from the fishermen and carp fishes were supplied to three markets namely Chaugachha, Jessore and Jhenidah. The findings of this study assumed that production of fish could be increased 25% through an effective management practices.

This study investigates the causes of salinity intrusion by disaster (such as SIDR) in the south-western parts of Bangladesh. The present research work was conducted in the Khulna and Satkhira district‟s rivers like Rupsa, Vadra, Sibsa, Betna, Kholpetua and Morischap and other specific study area was at Gabura and Buri Goalini union of Shyamnagar upazilla under Satkhira district of Bangladesh from June to November, 2015. Salinity intrusion is a major problem and is found increasing day-by-day in the south-western parts of Bangladesh. For this study, data are collected from Bangladesh water development board (BWDB, Dhaka), and through reconnaissance survey with focus group discussion (FGD) in the Gabura and Buri Goalini union under Shyamnagar upazilla of Satkhira district. The data show that the EC and Chloride value in the study area were in the increasing state after SIDR because of the increasing temperature and decreasing rainfall and these values exceed the standard level of Bangladesh and WHO guideline. Further research is to be directed to acquire and quench pursuing to the crucial causes through factorization in a relation to salinity intrusion and disaster issues in the south-western parts of Bangladesh.

A field experiment was conducted at The Agronomy Field, Patuakhali Science and Technology University (PSTU), Patuakhali during the period of May 2013 to August 2013. The experiment was conducted to find out the effect of seed rate on nodulation of dhaincha (Sesbania aculeata) under non-saline agro-ecosystem. The experiment comprised of seven different seed rates viz. 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55 and 60 kg ha^-1. The experiment was laid out in randomized complete block design with three replications. The seed rates had significant influence on different parameters of dhaincha plant. The maximum plant height was (4.109 m), maximum plant diameter was (0.9200 cm), maximum dry weight of nodule was (5.59 g plant^-1) were observed at the seed rate of 30 kg ha-1.In study period the maximum numbers of nodule plant^-1 (39.60) at harvest and T₇ (60 kg ha^-1) showed minimum number of nodules plant^-1 (30.33). It was observed that the highest number of abnormal nodules plant ^-1 (19.87) while (30 kg ha^-1) gave the lowest number of abnormal nodules plant ^-1 (12.47). It was found that the (30 kg ha^-1) observed the maximum dry weight of nodules (5.59 g plant^-1) and the minimum dry weight of nodules (3.61 g plant^-1) was found from (60 kg ha^-1). The highest plant population (336.0) was found in T₇ (60 kg ha^-1) while T₁ (30 kg ha^-1) showed the lower plant population (114.0). This result indicated that higher seed rate produced the maximum plant population than lower seed rate which ultimately resulted in higher production of biomass.

A field experiment was conducted at the Agronomy field, Patuakhali Science and Technology University (PSTU), Patuakhali during the period of May 2013 to August 2013. The experiment was conducted to find out the effect of seed rate on nodulation of dhaincha (Sesbania aculeata) under non-saline agro-ecosystem. The experiment comprised of seven different seed rates viz. 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55 and 60 kg ha^-1. The experiment was laid out in randomized complete block design with three replications. The seed rates had significant influence on different parameters of dhaincha plant. It was found that (30 kg ha^-1) recorded the tallest plant (4.11 m) followed by (45 kg ha^-1) while (60 kg ha^-1) gave the smallest plant (3.66 m). Recorded maximum plant diameter was (0.92 cm) at harvest while the lowest plant diameter was obtained from (55 kg seed ha-1) (0.79). The highest plant population (336.0) was found in (60 kg ha-1) while (30 kg ha-1) showed the lower plant population (114.0). The maximum number of branches (23.93 plant^-1) at harvest while (60 kg ha^-1) produced the lowest number of branches plant^–1 (7.93 plant^-1). It was recorded that (60 kg ha^-1) produced the highest fresh weight m^-2 (4.10 kg) and was statistically different from other treatments. On the other hand, (30 kg ha^-1) produced significantly the lowest fresh weight of plants m^-2 (1.93 kg) which was also statistically different from other treatments. The higher below ground biomass production m^-2 (1.00 kg) was found in (30 kg ha^-1 ) followed by (35 kg ha^-1 ), (40 kg ha^-1 ) and (45 kg ha^-1 ) while (50 kg ha^-1 ) observed the lower below ground biomass production m^-2(0.19 kg) at (60 kg ha^-1). Production of pods branch^-1 was maximum (22.00) at (30 kg ha-1) followed by (35 kg ha^-1) while the lowest number of pods branch^-1 (17.07) at (60 kg ha^-1). It was found that (30 kg ha^-1) produced the maximum number of seeds pod^–1 (32.73) which was significantly different from other treatments. On the other hand, (60 kg ha^-1) recorded the significantly minimum number of seeds pod^–1 (25.40) which was also statistically similar with (60 kg ha^-1).

Bangladesh is in danger area of the world because of its geographic location and the coastal zone of Bangladesh is worldwide recognized as an extremely vulnerable area. For determining disaster related losses and possible disaster management options, the south-west coastal belt Manirampur upazila and Abhaynagar upazila of Jessore district were selected. The survey was conducted by pre-structured questionnaire among six villages from Bagutia union of Abhaynagar upazila and Haridaskati union of Manirampur upazila, during January-June, 2015. A total of 100 households were randomly selected from the six study villages which were based on mainly livelihood pattern of the households (crop production, shrimp culture and others). The average income of the respondents was found 2001-4000 Tk. per month. Average land holding capacity per household was about 80 decimal. About 90% respondents of the study area said the intensity of disaster was more than before. Most of the respondents thought they were vulnerable to disaster. Most of the respondents were experienced with water logging condition. This study attempts to develop a proposed solution for enhancing DMS which reducing loss and copes with all kind of disaster in Bangladesh. In the study area 80% people to wanted TRM and 20% people do not want TRM; they thought TRM might be the probable solution of disaster vulnerability. It can be concluded that number of victim people caused by disaster decreases because of technological advancement but disaster occurrence increases from past to recent due to climate change impact.

A study was conducted to assess the existing bio-security practices in different live poultry markets in some selected areas of Bangladesh such as Dhaka City Corporation, Sirajgong Sadar and Sahjadpur Upazila from January 2015 to May 2015 using semi-structured and pre-tested questionnaire along with observation. A total number of one hundred twenty (120) respondents were purposively selected from the above mentioned locations. Forty (40) respondents were selected involved in live bird market and information collected from each area of markets to know the different contributing factors of live bird market bio-security situation through personal interviewing method. The results of the present study reveals that around seventy one percent (71%) live bird’s sellers used different type’s drugs to keep their birds sound and alive until sold out all birds. This study noticed that more than 71 percent respondents did not dispose the dead birds scientifically. The survey result showed that about fifty percent (50%) respondents used separate dress during working period at their sale centers. It was also observed that 87 percent respondents did not use commercial disinfectant to clean their dressing materials. Further it is noted that the sanitary and hygienic practices of the most live poultry sale centers were poor. This study clearly revealed that there was a high risk of disease transmission and dissemination both to poultry and human beings due to poor bio-security of live poultry markets in the study areas. It could be concluded that immediate necessary steps need to be undertaken by the government and other regulatory organizations to improve the live bird market situation for ensuring the safe poultry meat in the country.

A total of 29460 ISA Brown commercial layers were force molted with feed restricted (20g to 70g) forced molting method to assess the effects of molting of ISA Brown commercial layers at Valuka Layer Farm1, C.P. Bangladesh Co., Ltd. Layers were forced molted between 73 to 76 weeks of age. Forced molting made significant differences on egg production. Egg production (77.11%) and egg weight (66.93g) were increased in post molting period than that in pre molting (67.26%) and molting (22.27%) period. The value of egg weight in pre molting period was 65.51g and molting period was 58.25g. During molting period body weight loss was 193.75g. Whereas, in pre molting and after molting period body weight gain were11.25g and 11.00g respectively. Feed conversion (FC) was significant at 1% level of significance (P<0.01).  FC was better in post molting period (2.24), moderate in pre molting period (2.67) and worst in molting period (3.33). Mortality was slightly increased in molting period (0.21%) than that of pre molting (0.13%) and post molting (0.13%) period. The result of this experiment may be used to maximize egg production and egg weight in laying hens.

Begging is one of the major social problems. There are some certain changes as the result of urbanization. The people used to beg as they are losing the social security‟s following the breaking up of the joint family. The begging has expanded all around in Bangladesh. The beggars are in bus, markets, roads, houses in different places. General objective of the study was to know the situation of the old aged people engaged in bagging in Dhaka city. Specific objectives were to know the family background of the aged-beggars, to understand the socio-economic factors those are responsible for old age begging and to know the quality of life/ life style of old age street beggars. It was a qualitative study has used to explore causation in order to find situation of the old age beggars and their condition, situation as well. After analyzing the cases, it is seen that the majority are in begging because of they are not having assets and income securities. The male cases are widower, females are widow or abandoned. Some issues are also serious including the medical, food and habitat which are very important indeed. Every older person wants to be active in later life. By which he or she takes a part of development for the country and nation everyone should be aware to fulfill their daily needs. We should take some necessary steps in individuals, family, society, country as well globally for the well being of elderly street beggar in various places.

Diclofenac sodium, a non-steroidal antiinflammatory agent was selected as a model drug for the study, which is BCS class II drug (low soluble and high permeable). Poor water solubility of any drug is characterized by low dissolution rate and consequently reduced bioavailability.  Numerous methods have been followed in literature to improve the dissolution rate of poorly water soluble drugs. The objective of the present study was to improve the water solubility and the dissolution rate of poorly water soluble diclofenac sodium by solid dispersion (SD) technique. Binary SDs of diclofenac sodium were prepared by physical mixing as well as solvent evaporation technique using a highly water soluble polymer Eudragit E-100  in different drug-topolymer weight ratios (1:1 to 1:5). The effect of the carrier Eudragit E-100 on the solubility and in-vitro dissolution behavior were investigated spectrophotometrically at 273 nm. It was found that only 11.43% was released within 60 minutes from active diclofenac sodium on the other hand the release of diclofenac sodium from the binary SD formulation of solvent evaporation containing Eudragit E-100 in 1:5 ratio (code: S9) showed the best result which was 98.57% within the same period of time. Evaluation of the properties of the prepared SDs formulations were performed by using Fourier Transform Infra Red (FTIR) spectroscopy. The FTIR spectroscopic data showed that though the stability of drug was enhanced due to Eudragit E-100, but there was absence of considerable drug-polymer interactions. So solid dispersion may be an effective technique to enhance dissolution rate of diclofenac sodium.

The present study was carried out to access on the present status of Indian major carp broodstock management, suggests some guidelines to control negative selection and inbreeding in hatchery stocks in Jessore, Bangladesh. The survey was conducted in 20 hatcheries at Chacrha in Jessore from November, 2013 to October, 2014. Information showed that brood fish selection for induced breeding was done on the basis of their experience. The sources of brood fish were mainly own and other sources were Halda River, Padma River, Govt. brood bank, world fish center and BFRI. Feed ingredients used as rice bran (39%), mustard oil cake (29%), vitamin and mineral premix (3%), wheat flour (7%), fish meal (13%) and soyabean flour (5%). Nutritional compositions of feed were protein (20-30%), lipid (10-12%), carbohydrate (25-35%) and fat (711%).  Fertilizer such as TSP (0.484 kg/decimal), urea (0.242 kg/decimal), cowdung (6.5 kg/decimal), poultry dropping (3 kg/decimal) and MP (0.181 kg/decimal) were used. Hatching rate was 85-91% and deformed hatchlings were 5-7% in the hatcheries. Both positive (63%) and negative (37%) selection were identified. Anchor worm (Lernaeasis) disease was the most harmful problem of which solution was not given by them. Hatcheries owners assumed that if they would use wild brood fish, inbreeding could be removed and thus survival and growth of fry could be increased.

Seasonal variation of water quality parameters, parasitic infestation, clinical and histological observation of two endangered perches, Baila (Glossogobius giuris) and Colisa (Colisa fasciata) were investigated from two different beels namely, Kailla beel, Mymensingh and Noli beel, Kapasia, Gazipur during June, 2014 to May, 2015. Water quality parameters did not showed much variations except temperature which was minimum and ammonia values which were maximum during winter season. During observation, investigated fishes were highly infested by digeneatic trematode followed by cestode, acenthocephala, monogeneatic trematode and protozoan parasites. Maximum prevalence, mean intensity and abundance of parasites were observed in Baila from Colisa during winter season in both areas. Minimum level of infestation were recorded during summer season in both areas. Whereas, in rainy and autumn seasons average number of parasites were noticed. Clinically it was observed that, fishes were affected with parasitic infestation, EUS, gill rot, fin and tail rot, nutritional deformities, numerous red spots and white patches in lateral and ventral regions during winter season in both beels. Major pathology in the skin and muscle were loss of epidermis, epidermis separated from dermis, necrosis of myotoms, vaccums and hemorrhage. Loss of primary and secondary gill lamellae, hypertrophy, clubbing, presence of monogenetic trematodes and hemorrhage were found in gill. Marked melanomacrophages, severe haemorrage, vaccums, hepatocytic necrosis and fat droplets were found in liver. In kidney, numerous haemorragic areas, vaccums, fat droplets, coagulative necrosis and degenerated kidney tubules were seen especially in winter season. Whereas, in summer season, clinical and pathological condition of fishes gradually reduced to almost normal condition except few vaccums and hemorrhage in internal organs. Comparatively normal or reduced pathological sings in all the organs were observed in rainy and autumn seasons. Fishwise, Baila were more infested by parasites than Colisa. On the basis of sampling stations, perches of Kailla beel were more affected by parasites than perches of Noli beel.

To assess the effects of stocking density on growth and production of shing (Heteropneustes fossilis)in ponds, an experiment was carried out for a period from 06 August to 22 December, 2015. Three stocking densities used were 80, 160 and 240 fish /decimal and designated as T₁, T₂ and T_3, respectively. Each treatment has two replications. Shing having a mean body weight of 1.18g was used in T₁, T₂ and T_3, respectively. A commercial feed fed at the rate of 50% of body weight up to first 15 days and then gradually it was readjusted to 35%, 25%, 15%, 5% and 2% respectively. The water quality parameters were monitored at 15 days interval and the ranges were: temperature 23.0 ºC to 30.25 ºC, pH 6.64 to 8.16, dissolved oxygen 4.91 to 6.99 mg/l and transparency 36.15 to 41.5 cm. Results showed that, the fish stocked at the rate of 80 fish/decimal in T₁  get best individual weight gain (42.63g) followed by T₂(38.52g) and T₃ (34.82g), respectively. The SGR ranged between (1.77to1.81) %/day. There was significant variation (P<0.01) among the survival rate which ranged from 66.45% to 88.75%. The production was 3.02 kg, 4.96 kg and 5.55 kg/dec/134 days in T₁, T₂ and T_3, respectively. But the highest production of 5.55kg/dec/134 days was obtained in T₃ with stocking density of 240 fish/dec might be due to higher stocking density. Although the highest production was obtained in T₃ but individual growth performance of shing (Heteropneustes fossilis) was highest in T₁. The highest net profit was found (BDT 2591) in treatment T₂ compared to treatments T₁ (BDT 1800) and T₃ (BDT 1479). The cost benefit ratios were 1.59, 1.48 and 1.10 % in T₁, T₂ and T₃ respectively.  

D1S80 is a highly informative variable number of tandem repeat (VNTR) marker located in the telomeric region of chromosome 1 at 1p36-p35. Since its discovery, the D1S80 locus has been used widely in determining the origins and genetic relations among and between various populations worldwide. Here, we studied the allele frequencies and other population genetic parameters at the D1S80 locus among individuals from four major tribal populations in Bangladesh (Santal, Garo, Monipuri and Khasia). The data was then compared with the other populations including the mainstream Bengali population.  A total of 31 different alleles were detected with repeat unit numbers ranging between 14 and 50. D1S80 allele with 18 repeats was the most frequent in three populations except the Santals, in which allele with 19 repeats was the most common. Observed heterozygosity was less than the expected in all four populations. Pair-wise observed genetic distances were, in general, more between the tribal populations and the mixed mainstream Bangladeshis compared to the distances between the tribal populations. Comparison of D1S80 allelic frequency distribution among seventy-six different populations placed the tribal populations along with the mainstream mixed Bangladeshis, Tamils and mixed Panjabi Indians in a clade separated from the rest.

The occurrences of different surgical affections are very common in Bangladesh. The aim of this study was to determine the occurrence of most common surgical affections and their risk factors in calves and goat at Jhenidah Sadar Upazila of Bangladesh during the period from July to December 2011. Thirty seven (37) calves and twenty two (22) goats were used for this study. All animals were brought to hospitals with the complaints of surgical conditions. In this study we found umbilical hernia (59.5%), umbilical abscess (10.8%), atresia ani (8.1%), intestinal prolapse (2.7%), fracture of jaw (2.7%), necrosis of eyeball (2.7%), congenital polypus (2.7%), naval myiasis (5.4%) and abscess (5.4%) in calves. In case of goats, gid disease (36.4%), testicular hernia (4.5%), subcutaneous cyst (13.6%), atresia ani (4.5%), myiasis (9.1%), block of urethra (4.5%), fracture (9.1%), stitch abscess (9.1%), abscess (4.5%) and hematocele (4.5%) were recorded. The young, male and crossbred calves were showed more affections than that of adult and female. It was also found that the young male goats were more significantly (p<0.05) prone to surgical affections than that of adult and female. The male calf with 1-3 months of age (84.6%) were higher than that of male with age <1 month (70.8%). In both calf and goat, the female were found comparatively lower rate of surgical affections than male. However, further extensive work is very imperative to identify the specific cause as well as any factors that may influence region to region.

A total of 50 sub-adults of Pangasianodon  hypophthalmus averaging 3.0 kg were stocked in a pond having an area of 0.2 ha.  During winter months, fishes were fed with commercially available pelleted feed containing about 28% protein at the rate of 1.5% body weight daily while feeding rate was 3% during summer months. For augmentation of gonadal maturation, water shower was provided in the pond during winter months. Females were found with bulging belly and male with running milt during spawning season. Milt sample was expelled from mature and healthy brood by gentle abdominal pressure and collected into a clean and dry tube of 5 ml capacity.  The milt samples were primarily placed in sealed ice box for 2-3 minutes then it was stored in a normal freezer for 20 minutes at 0 to 4⁰C and then milt was stored in a deep freezer at -15⁰C.  Dimethyl-sulphoxide (DMSO) was used as cryo-protectant and phosphate buffered saline was used as extender.  Cryo-tubes were leveled as A, B and C for storing 4, 8 and 12 hours, respectively.  Leveled cry-tubes ware placed in the refrigerator for 15 min to reduce temperature to 4°C before fast freezing in the freezer. Then the tubes were stored in a deep freezer at -15°C.  Sperm motility of fresh milt was recorded as 95%. In the thawing process, these cryo tubes were first transferred into refrigerator for 20 min to allow the milt to thaw from -20°C to 4°C inside the refrigerator.  Thereafter, cryo tubes were transferred at room temperature and allowed to stand 5 min before mixing with female eggs. Thawed milt was added to the fresh eggs of Pangasius hypophthalmus and thoroughly mixed. After approximately 3 minutes, water was added to water-harden the eggs.  Motility of cryo-preserved milt was nil.  It is probably due to improper method applied to preserve the milt.  For short-term preservation, milt was stored in ice box for 2, 4 and 8 hours.  Motility rate of Pangasius hypophthalmus ranged between 5 and 50% and fertilisation rate varied between 1 and 40%, respectively.