The aim of this study was to ascertain yield and yield gap status of major crops. The study was conducted in two villages of sadarupazila under the Mymensingh district. Ninety farmers were selected as sample size following proportionate random sampling technique. The researcher himself personally collected data during mid-March to mid-May 2014. Collected data were compiled, coded, analyzed and interpreted as per objectives of the study. It was found that majority of the respondents were middle-aged having a primary level of education, medium farm size, small family size with low agricultural knowledge but the favorable attitude towards the current agricultural system. Boro rice, Mustard, Bitter gourd, and Black gram are the major crops of the study area. Yields of Boro rice, Mustard, Bitter gourd and black gram in farmers' field were found 5,295 Kg/ha, 703 Kg/ha, 12,654 Kg/ha and 771 Kg/ha with mean yield gap of 704 Kg/ha, 396 Kg/ha, 9,345 Kg/ha and 628 Kg/ha, respectively. Farmers' characteristics like age, farming experience, agricultural training, knowledge about agriculture and attitude towards agricultural practices found negatively related to their yield gap of the major crops.

Antibiotic drugs have identified to be one of the most valuable tools in preserving both human and animal health. With an increase in the use and availability of antibiotics, antibiotic residues in animal origin food as well as antibiotic resistance have become important public health concern and have received much attention from government agencies, consumer level, media and other concerned public interest groups. The main objectives of the study were to identify the managemental perspectives in livestock production system associated with the reduction of antibiotic usage in veterinary practices so that the development of relevant strategies for reducing antibiotic usage in veterinary practices could be achieved in context of environmental realities in Bangladesh. The survey was interpretive in nature using quantitative methods. A non-experimental and descriptive research design was used to conduct this study. The survey study was carried out at existing seven divisions (i.e. Rangpur, Rajshahi, Khulna, Dhaka, Sylhet, Barishal and Chittagong/ Chattogram) in Bangladesh during July, 2012 to June, 2018 (upto final reporting) by survey method using close ended questionnaires among randomly selected respondents (i.e. 390 Government Veterinary Surgeons as well as 390 Upazila Livestock Officers of DLS, Bangladesh). Survey instruments were also designed to capture the perspectives of two different groups of government veterinarians: Group 1– Veterinary Surgeons of DLS, Bangladesh and Group 2 – Upazila Livestock Officers of DLS, Bangladesh. Collected data were analyzed using SPSS (version 20.0, SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL) software. The findings indicated the knowledge, beliefs and perceptions of respondents. The research findings divulge that different managemental perspectives/dimensions in livestock production system associated with regular veterinary examination, allocation of appropriate nutrition, routine vaccination, arrangement of effective bio-security, use of probiotics, supply of hygienic water, arrangement of holistic therapies, arrangement of clean bedding as well as hygienic housing management, use of organic acids (e.g. Formic, acetic and propionic acids), use of plant extracts (e.g. essential oils of thyme, clove, turmeric, black pepper etc.) in poultry feed, use of prebiotics like Fructo Oligosaccharides(FOS), Manna Oligosaccharides(MOS) etc. in poultry feed, arrangement of hygienic as well as good quality feed management and maintaining hygienic air quality in the farming system had „moderate to substantial role‟ in livestock production system for reducing antibiotic usage in veterinary practices in Bangladesh. Findings also indicated that the two groups of veterinarians possessed near to similar/same perceptions across different managemental perspectives in livestock production system associated with the reduction of antibiotic usage in veterinary practices in Bangladesh and that no significant differences in perspectives existed (p> .05). Findings of this study could be implemented for formulation of effective policy as well as guideline with the development of relevant strategies for reducing antibiotic usage in veterinary practices for development of sustainable livestock production system in Bangladesh.

A survey was carried out to investigate culture strategies, disease patterns and mitigations in monosex Nile tilapia in Jessore sadar region. Data obtained by questionnaire interview, individual interview, telephonic interview, PRA method, mono-sex Nile tilapia farm survey from four villages. It was observed that 30.769% farmers and farm owner had no training about culture of mono-sex Nile tilapia while 69.230% farmers and farm owner received short term training from different Department of Fisheries, different NGOs. Mono-sex Nile tilapia culture in ponds was basically a three-tier culture system. Pre-stocking management of ponds in the study area comprised dike repairing, aquatic weed control, waste soil removal and undesirable species (predator and trash fish) control. Majority (85%) of the farm owners and farmers depends on ground water and only (15%) depends on surface water. About 95% of farm of farm owners controlled aquatic weeds manually. Removal of predatory and undesired fish from pond used different types of chemicals but most used rotenone (80%). Fertilizer of pond preparation (Organic and inorganic) in the study area but mostly used cases inorganic fertilizers had applied at the rate of urea 114 kg/ha and triple superphosphate 60 kg/ha in 4–5 installments. Stocking density of mono-sex Nile tilapia was 200-380 fry per decimal. It was recorded that 85% of mono-sex Nile tilapia farmers and farm owner applied supplementary such as commercially manufactured feed and 12% are applied of farm made feed. It was observed,they provided heavy fertilizer, high stocking density, over feed provided, provided over dose drugs so ultimated result of disease occured. Parasitic related disease, bacterial diseases, fungal diseases, viral diseases were attacked in mono-sex Nile tilapia. Argulosis and Streptococcus were mostly common disease in this mono-sex Nile tilapia farm.

The study was conducted at Fatki River under Magura district to learn the aquatic weeds diversity and abundance. This paper focused on species variation, number of species, water quality parameter and identification of aquatic weeds. It was assessed by collecting samples from Chukinogor Ghat, Kechuadubi and Arpara bazar during May to August, 2016. Aquatic weeds were abundant in rainy season and the semi-aquatic weeds were available almost all the year round. According to this study, total 22 species belonging to 12 orders, 16 families and 21 genuses were found. Again, 46%, 28%, 26% of total aquatic weeds percentages identified from the Chukinogor Ghat, Kechuadubi and Arpara bazar respectively. During this study period, nine species of family Pontederiaceae, Convolvulaceae, Menyanthaceae, Asteraceae, Poaceae, Araceae, Amaranthaceae, Polygonaceae were common in Chukinogor Ghat, Kechuadubi and Arpara bazar. Noticeable species– Lemna minor, Marsilea quadrifolia, Ludwigia palustris, Aeschynomene aspera, Najas graminea, Hydrilla verticillata, Najas guadalupensis, Utricularia inflate were only found in Chukinogor Ghat. This species are easily adapted in large areas. On the other hands, two species were common in Chukinogor Ghat, Kechuadubi – Pistia stratiotes and Equisetum hyemale. Prominent species of Arpara bazar were Cyperus rotundus and Xanthium indicum. Total 11 species of aquatic weeds were mainly recognized from these Kechuadubi, while greatest number was recorded of 20 species from Chukinogor Ghat and 12 species were have its place to Arpara bazar. Management technique and water quality parameters were also studied during study period and the temperature was recorded 29.0-30.00 ºC in Chukinogor Ghat, same as 28.0-320 ºC in Kechuadubi. Furthermore, 29.0-31.00 ºC temperature was found in Arpara bazar. DO levels were stable at ranged from7.0-7.5 ppm in Chukinogor Ghat and 4.7-5.3 ppm was recorded in two experimental Kechuadubi 4.5-5.0 in Arpara bazar respectively. This difference may arise due to the using of aerator in the Chukinogor Ghat same as decomposition, intensity of light in Kechuadubi and Arpara bazar. Transparency was 28-32cm in Chukinogor Ghat, 36-44cm in Kechuadubi, and 38-42 cm in Arpara bazar.

A study was conducted to examine the culture and growth performance of Spirulina platensis in three different concentrations (25, 50 and 75 percent) of digested rotten orange (DRO) and Kosaric medium (KM) as control for three months. Each experiment was done in triplicates under fluorescent light in light: dark (12 hour: 12 hour) condition for a period of 14 days. Cell weight, chlorophyll a content of Spirulina platensis and physico-chemical parameters of cultured media (temperature, pH, light intensity) were measured at every alternative day. During the culture period, temperature was more or less similar and ranged from 30.1 to 31.4˚C. The range of light intensities was recorded from 2660 to 2770 lux/ /s during the culture period. The maximum pH was recorded 9.9 in 25% digest rotten orange (DRO) on 8th day of the culture and minimum was recorded 8.2 in all the medias on the initial day of the culture. The growth rate of Spirulina platensis cultured in supernatant of DRO and KM were varied. The initial cell weight of Spirulina platensis was 0.0023 mg/L that attained maximum cell weight of 12.44 mg/L in Kosaric medium on the 10^th day of culture. Besides that,  the maximum cell weight was 7.679, 12.366, and 9.455 mg/L when cultured in supernatant of 25, 50, and 75% in DRO on the 10th day of the culture. While, the initial chlorophyll a content of Spirulina platensis was 0.0015 mg/L which attained the highest content of 10.54 mg/L when grown in KM. The highest chlorophyll a content of Spirulina platensis was 6.926 mg/L when grown in 25% DRO, it was 10.476 mg/L when grown in 50% DRO, and it was 9.140 mg/L when grown in 75% DRO on the 10^th day of the culture. This study showed that, the growth performance of Spirulina platensis was higher in supernatant of 50% DRO than 25 and 75% DRO.  This concentration of medium gave satisfactory results compared with standard KM. This variation probably occurred because of differences in nutrient concentrations and composition of the medium. Therefore, it can be concluded that, the concentration of 50% DRO is suitable and favorable for Spirulina platensis culture.

The trend of increasing submergence has a negative effect on the rice yield but among them, some of the genotypes show the excellent performance to give a satisfactory yield. The experiment comprised of two factors-factor a: submergence duration (4): control, 6 days, 10 days and 14 days and factor b: rice variety (6): hybrid (BRRI Hybrid dhan3, ACI Shankar and Heera-2) and inbred (BRRI dhan34, BRRI dhan46 and BRRI dhan51). The experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. Significant variation was found on different yield contributing characters and yield with submergence durations. In all the varieties, the control treatment (0 days submergence) showed the highest values (except the number of unfilled spikelets panicle^-1) and was gradually decreased with increasing submergence duration from 6 days to 14 days. The lowest reduction due to submergence was recorded in BRRI dhan51, which was followed by BRRI dhan46. Attaining better yield, which was near about control, the varieties BRRI dhan51 and BRRI dhan46 proved them as relatively submergence tolerant compared to other varieties.

The present study was designed to have a comprehensive epidemiological data of the circulating diseases in Pubna cattle in Pubna and sirajgonj districts of Bangladesh. Two sites were selected for the study as the Nucleus Breeding Hard (NBH); which is located in the BLRI-RS, Baghabari, Sahjadpur, Siragjang and the community; consists of three villages of Bera upazila of Pabna district namely Khar-bagan, Hatail-aralia and Char-sabolla. The total cattle population was 576 (506 in the community and 70 in the NBH). The overall weather was hot and humid. A total of 965 clinical cases of cattle of different age and sex were diagnosed during the period from July, 2017 to June, 2018.The descriptive statistics suggested that endo-parasites (15.67%), FMD (27.51%), non-specific diarrhea (7.73%) and post-partum anoestrus (7.78%) are the most prevailing diseases in the community and endo-parasites (21.82%), foot-rot (15.15%), non-specific fever (7.27%), dermatochalasis (5.45%) and conjunctivitis (4.85%) are the most prevailing diseases in the NBH. Population data shows that there was an endemic outbreak of FMD in the community between March to May 2018 where almost 50% cattle were affected by the disease though calf morbidity was low (2.69%) but all the affected calf died. Non-specific diarrhea was more common in older individuals (14% in over 3years old cattle) mostly in cows (14.2%) and occurred in summer (9.84%) and winter (8.81%) may be because of the ignorance of the farmers to supply clean water to their animals. Although, we routinely de-worm our cows in the community and in the NBH round the year we found many cases of parasitic gastro-enteritis in both the locations which suggested that our de-worming practice is not working. Repeated study of the same kind can provide us a large set of data on cattle disease prevailing in the area which may provides valuable insight to design and implement priority based research on specific disease and to take efficient control strategies against that disease.

Repeat breeding (RP) is a one of the most significant problem in dairy cattle because it increased production cost of insemination, treatment, feed, labor and management and also increased calving interval with decreased milk production. This study was conducted at the different Bathan areas of Shahjadpur Upazila under Sirajgonj district. The total of 30 repeat breeder cows was selected randomly to determine their reproductive hormonal profile before and after synchronization at the selected areas and repeat breeder cows were marked by ear tag and collected breeding history of each individual cow. All experimental RP were synchronized by the administration of GnRH (day- 0), PGF2α (day-7) and Artificial Insemination (AI) with GnRH (day-9). Blood samples were collected before and after synchronization during standing heat period of estrous cycle of each cow. The total experiment was done and analyzed in the laboratory by using endocrine detection kits (Mono Lelac^R USA). This present study revealed that the level of luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), progesterone (P4) were significantly differed between repeat breeder cows and synchronized repeat breeder cows. These findings clearly indicated that reproductive hormonal aberrations might be one of the major causes of repeat breeding in Baghabari milk shed areas.