Author Archives: sohel

The present study was carried out with retrospective data collected from the nucleus herd of USDA funded Red Chittagong Cattle (RCC) project at Bangladesh Agricultural University (BAU) and community herd at Char Jailkhana, Mymensingh during 2005 to 2011. The 15 days test interval daily milk yield records of 141 lactations taken from 52 cows from two different herds were collected to estimate multiplicative ratio factors (RF), simple regression from last test day milk yield record (SRLTD) and last test day along with average daily milk yield from known lactation part at any duration (SRLTAD) for prediction of standard 300 days milk yield. The correlations among 300 day milk yields estimated by three different extension models were also investigated and were found no statistically significant differences (P>0.05) with significantly (P<0.01) highly correlated with each other. The results revealed the accuracy of prediction of ratio factors and regression coefficients for three different models and may be adopted any of those models to extend standardized milk production (300 day) for RCC in Bangladesh.

Respiratory bacterial infections in cattle are very common all over Bangladesh causing high economic loss. This research was performed with a view to proper control of respiratory bacterial infections of cattle in Bangladesh. A total of 100 nasal samples were collected on the basis of clinical signs. From the collected samples isolation, identification and characterization of the bacterial agents was done using cultural, biochemical and molecular techniques. Antibiogram profiles of the isolated agents were studied by disc diffusion method. Pasteurella multocida, Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli were successfully isolated and identified from the collected samples. The isolated Pasteurella multocida produced small, round, opaque colonies on blood agar; Staphylococcus aureus produced golden yellow colony in mannitol salt agar; E. coli produced black color colonies with metallic sheen on EMB agar. Pasteurella multocida showed Gram negative, bipolar rods. Staphylococcus aureus showed Gram positive, cocci shaped and E. coli showed Gram negative, small rod shaped. Among 100 nasal samples 16 were found to be positive for Pasteurella multocida, 21 for Staphylococcus aureus and 13 for E. coli on the basis of cultural and biochemical characteristics. The antibiogram study reflected that ciprofloxacin, tetracycline and chloramphenicol should be first choice of treatment of respiratory bacterial infections caused by the isolated 3 bacteria. Pasteurella multocida was further characterized by PCR where 16 isolates showed positive band at 460 bp and Pasteurella multocida type A at 1044 bp. The present research work covering antibiogram study is a preliminary report in the context of Bangladesh.

An experiment was conducted at the Agronomy Field Laboratory, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh during the period from February to June 2018 with a view to study the effect of mulch and organic amendments on growth and yield performance of BRRI dhan58 under dry direct seeded boro rice production system. The experiment included two set of treatments. A. Mulch (M1=rice straw mulch @ 7 t ha-1 and M2=No mulch) and B. Organic amendments (T1=Trico-compost (TC) @ 5 t ha-1, T2 =Farm Yard Manure (FYM) @ 5 t ha-1, T3 =Mustard Oil Cake (MOC) @ 0.5 t ha-1, T4= Trico-compost (TC) @ 5 t ha-1 + Mustard Oil Cake (MOC) @ 0.5 t ha-1, T5 = Farm Yard Manure (FYM) @ 5 t ha-1 + Mustard Oil Cake (MOC) @ 0.5 t ha-1, T6=Control). The experiment was laid out in a split-plot design with mulch in the main plot and organic amendments in the sub-plot. The treatments were replicated three times. The higher plant height (95.90 cm), no. of effective tillers hill-1 (11.48), 1000-grains weight (24.75 g), grain yield (5.34 t ha-1), and straw yield (7.38 t ha1) were found from rice straw mulch plots. The highest plant height (103.40 cm), panicle length (23.24 cm), no. of grain panicle-1 (118.79), 1000-grain weight (25.23 g), grain yield (5.67 t ha-1), straw yield (7.80 t ha-1), biological yield (13.47 t ha-1) and harvest index (42.06%) were found from treatment T4 (Tricho compost+Muatard Oil Cake). The crop grown with recommended rate of fertilizers (T6) gave the worst performance. The interaction between mulch and organic amendments were not significant for grain yield. Thus the study concludes that rice straw mulching gives better yield than no mulch plots and the organic amendment is better than recommended inorganic fertilizer application.

The main purpose of the study was to understand the extent of awareness of farmers on use of ICT in farm practices. At the same time, important factors were identified those could contribute to farmers‟ awareness on use of ICT. The study was conducted in the existing CIG of Ishwarganj upazila in Mymensingh district. Data were collected from 110 CIG farmers in the selected upazila during the period from 03 October to 05 November, 2018 by using a pre-tested structured interview schedule. Farmers‟ awareness was measured by checking extent of their extent of awareness of seven selected ICT services as cell phone, smart phone, personal computer, services from AICC, services from UDC, Krishi Call Centre and mobile apps. A number of characteristics of the farmers were selected as the factors for explaining farmers‟ awareness on use of ICT. Appropriate scales were developed and used in order to measure the concerned variables. Correlation test was used to ascertain the relationships between the concerned variables, while multiple regression (enter method) analysis was also used to determine the contributions of the farmers' selected characteristics to their opinion on selected ICT based facilities. Results showed that 23.7 percent farmers had “moderate awareness” on use of ICT in farm practices while 60 percent and 12.7 percent of the farmers had “low” and “very low awareness” on use of ICT based facilities in their farm practices. Farmers' characteristics such as education, knowledge about ICTs, ability to use ICTs, access to ICT facilities, attitude towards ICT had significant positive relationship with their awareness on use of ICT; while age, household size and annual income had significant negative relationship with the awareness on use of ICT. Results of multiple regression analysis revealed that the influential factors on the farmers‟ awareness on use of ICT were household size, knowledge about ICT, ability to use ICT and attitude towards ICT. The R2 value indicated that, four explanatory variables together explained 80.0 percent variation infarmers‟ awareness on use of ICT. The study also identified some constraints faced by the farmers while using ICT services in receiving agricultural information. The study revealed that an overwhelming majority of the farmers (97.3 percent) had high level problems in using ICTs while only 2.7 percent faced medium problems. Lack of training facilities on ICT, cost of using ICT services, low knowledge on availability of ICT based facilities, lack of operational knowledge of computer, low bandwidth speed of internet, limited availability of ICT services, poor level of education/ illiteracy, and so on were identified as the major constraints faced by the farmers.

This study was carried out to assess the prevalence of subclinical mastitis in milch animals by different field diagnostic tests. A total of 100 milk samples (40 cow, 40 buffalo and 20 goat) were culled to pursue this study which were subjected to physical assay and subsequently screened for subclinical mastitis by using 5 different field diagnostic tests viz. California Mastitis Test (CMT), White Side Test (WST), White Side + Dye Test (WSDT), Surf Test (ST) and Surf + Dye Test (SDT). Overall prevalence of subclinical mastitis (SCM) found in this study was 42.5%, 32.5% and 35% in cow, buffalo and goat respectively. Higher prevalence of SCM was detected in cow (47.06%) and buffalo (53.85%) aged between 3 to 5 years whereas in goat (57.15%), 2 to 3 years of age. In aspect of breed, crossbred cow (50%), Murrah buffalo (40%) and Jamunapari goat (50%) were found more affected with SCM. The prevalence of SCM was higher in cows of 3rd parity (41.18%), buffaloes of both 2nd and 3rd parity (30.77%) and goats of 2nd parity (42.86%). Animals being in mid lactation gave more positive cases (46.67% cow, 46.67% buffalo and 42.85% goat). SCM was found in higher prevalence in high yielding animals and in animals that were not being subjected to hygienic milking practice. Among the 5 diagnostic tests, SCM detection efficacy in comparison was higher by CMT. So as SCM has been found to be a major ascending risk in the area, the hygienic milk production activity in this area as a whole requires an intervention including further investigation on the etiological agents associated with prevalence of mastitis to undertake measurable control options of mastitis in the area.

Coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) has wide reputation as spice and culinary herb. An experiment was carried out to promote off-season organic coriander leaf cultivation in Bangladesh. The study was conducted at the horticulture farm of Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka, replicated thrice with two factors; variety (V1Green aroma, V2 Green giant and V3 Indian variety) and organic nutrient source (T0  Control, T1  Cowdung @ 10 t ha-1, T2 Vermicompost @ 3 t ha-1), repeated over five months (March, April, May, June and July) in Randomized Block Design. Data were recorded on several growth and yield parameters. March sown seeds were recorded for highest plant height (19.0 cm), fresh weight of plants per m2 (1359.67 g) and leaf yield (13.6 t ha-1). Results revealed that treatment combination, V2T1 performed better in terms of foliage yield with its best performance (12.17 t ha-1) in March. It was also the best performer for sowing time April (5.14 tha-1), May (3.92 t ha-1) and July (3.16 t ha-1).

Marketing of fish and fishery products in the three markets of Gazipur district were studied during the period from November 2014 to April 2015. Data were collected from three different markets. A total of 45 traders (retailers), 15 from each market were interviewed at the market center. A survey questionnaire was developed, pre-tested and finally used for collection of data. Data were collected from the three different fish markets through questionnaire interviews and focus group discussions. Three types of marketing channel were found to be operated in the selected markets. The market chain from fishermen to consumer passes through a number of intermediaries: local traders, agents/suppliers, retailers and consumers. The shorter marketing chain which included the fish farmers, retailers and consumers was found to be more beneficial to the fish producers. There are some fish species available in three different markets, such as Indian major carps i.e. rui, catla, mrigal and Exotic fish i.e. silver carp, grass and common carp, tilapia, pangas etc. The price of fish depended on size, weight, season, availability, species quality and size of fishes. Different types of dried and salted fish were available in the markets. A number of constraints for fish marketing were reported by the retailers, the constraints were lack of storage facilities, poor supply of ice, exploitation by middlemen, lack of money and lack of infrastructure.

Many alternative substances have been investigated for their potential to replace antibiotics as growth promoters. Probiotics and phytobiotics are some of the products that can be used as growth promoters in broiler. The present study was designed to investigate either single or combined effect of a probiotic and phytobiotic on serum bio-chemistry and growth performances in broilers. A total of 50 Cobb-500 day old chicks were divided into five groups (10 birds each). The birds of Group A were offered a basal diet (corn-soya based), Group B basal diet + 0.10% Renamycin 100®, Group C basal diet + 0.15% probiotic (Bio-Top®), Group D basal diet + 0.10% phytobiotic (Galibiotic) and Group E basal diet + 0.15% Bio-Top® + 0.10% Galibiotic. Body weight, feed intake, weight gain, feed conversion ratio (FCR) and serum bio-chemistry (Triglyceride, cholesterol, LDL, HDL, ALT, AST, creatinine) were recorded. Serum biochemical values differed significantly (P<0.05) among the groups. The average final live weight gain was 665grams, 686grams, 1095grams, 780grams and 1065grams in groups A, B, C, D and E, respectively. The feed conversion ratio was 2.1, 1.96, 1.72, 1.83, and 1.75 in A, B, C, D and E group, respectively. The present study revealed that supplementation of probiotic and phytobiotic in feed significantly reduced triglyceride, cholesterol and HDL values compared to value of control group (P<0.05). Probiotic or its’ combination with phytobiotic has the potential to be exemplary alternatives to antibiotic as growth promoters.

The present study was carried out for the isolation and molecular detection of duck plague virus (DPV) for the development of inactivated vaccine seed from the local outbreaks. A total of 12 suspected dead duck samples were collected from commercial farms and local market at Sunamganj, Netrokona and Mymensingh districts. Then, the samples were processed and prepared inocula were inoculated into 9-12 days old duck embryonated eggs. In duck embryonated eggs, several passages (3-4) were performed before infection into DEF cell culture. Presence of viral DNA was confirmed by PCR using the primer for DNA polymerase gene. After PCR confirmation, virus cultured in DEF cell was used for the preparation of formalin (0.12%) inactivated and oil based adjuvanted vaccine and was experimentally injected to 18 ducklings and 5 were kept as control. TCID₅₀ of the selected virus for vaccine preparation was 10^8.70/ml. The mean passive haemagglutination assay (PHA) titre of sera of samples at 0 days, 7 days and 14 days post vaccination were 4.0±0, 14.22±1.78 and 44.44±4.4, respectively, which indicated significant (p<0.01) increase of antibody titre. Embryonated duck eggs and DEF cell culture are effective for virus isolation and on the basis of PHA test, it could also be suggested that the experimentally developed DP vaccine can be used successfully for the prevention of DP in Bangladesh.

This study was carried out in the Department of Physiology and Pharmacology at Hajee Mohammad Danesh Science and Technology University to evaluate the effect of ipil ipil and calcium supplementation on egg production and live body weight of Japanese quail. Forty two days old “Japanese Quail” were divided into four groups (n=10 birds in each group). Group T₀ was considered as control, fed only with commercial layer ration. Group T₁ was additionally supplemented with 2 g grinded ipil ipil leaves, Group T₂ with 2 g Dietary Ca sources and Group T₃ with 2 g grinded ipil ipil leaves with 2 g dietary Ca sources per kg feed. Observations were recorded for growth performance, egg production and egg quality of Japanese quail. Body weight (g) was increased significantly (p<0.05) in all treated groups in compared to control and best gain was recorded in combined action of ipil ipil and dietary Ca sources supplemented groups (155.6±2.59). In all treatment groups there were significantly increased in egg production, compare to control group. Best result was found in combination of ipil ipil and dietary calcium supplementation. The present study reveals that combine supplementation of ipil ipil and dietary Ca sources gives better effects over other groups in respect to growth performance, egg production and egg quality without any health hazard of Japanese quail.

The current study was designed to improve milk production and milk fat percentage by supplemented with black cumin and domperidone for thirteen weeks during lactation in indigenous cows. The experiment was performed in Kaligonjupazila of Lalmonirhat under the department of Physiology and Pharmacology, HSTU, Dinajpur, Bangladesh. At 7 days of lactation 16 deshi cows were randomly divided into 4 groups (n=4 lactating cows in each group). Group T₁ was kept as control, Group T₂ was treated with domperidone (Motigut^®) orally at a dose of 100 mg /day per cow, Group T₃ was treated with Black Cumin Seed Powder (BCSP) at a dose of 80 g orally per cow per day and Group T₄ was treated with combination of domperidone with Black Cumin Seed Powder (BCSP) as above mentioned doses. All the animals were dewormed and vaccinated at initial stage. Over the course of the trial, observations were recorded for milk production and fat percentage in milk. Milk production were increased significantly (P<0.05) in all treated groups compared to the control group and highest was recorded in combined domperidone with Black Cumin Seed Powder (BCSP) group (Group T₄). Production level increased significantly (p<0.05) in all treated groups and highest was recorded in cows of group T₄. The present study reveals that additional supplementation with domperidone plus Black Cumin Seed Powder (BCSP) in feed of lactating cows should better performance over other groups in respect to increase milk production and fat percentage in milk without any health hazard in indigenous cows. This technology may be transferred to farmers since drug (Domperidone) and supplement (BCSP) is available and require minimum stillness.

The experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of growth promoter (Aviator™) and enzymes (Acinor™) with basal feed. A total of 40 Cobb-500 Broiler day old chicks were reared in an open sided gable type house for a period of 5 weeks from 24^th september to 28^th october, 2017. Body weight and feed intake were recorded on day 0, 7, 14, 21, 28 and 35. The experiment was conducted in a Completely Randomized Design (CRD). Birds were randomly distributed into four dietary groups i.e control (T₀) with basal diet, T₁ with basal diet and growth promoter (GP) @ 2 gm/kg of feed; T₂ with basal diet and enzymes (EZ) @ 0.4 gm/kg of feed and T₃ with basal diet and GP plus EZ (2 gm/kg + 0.4 gm/kg). The records were kept on body weight, feed intake and mortality while weight gain, feed conversion ratio (FCR) and survivability were calculated. Broiler chicks that received GP and a combination of GP+EZ treatments showed significant improvement in performance (p<0.05) over control with respect to body weight gain, feed conversion ratio, carcass yield. Cost-effectiveness of GP+EZ treatment higher than all other treatments but GP and EZ had almost similar cost-effectiveness. Feeding EZ alone had comparatively less weight gain and almost similar feed conversion ratio compared with GP groups but it’s performance was significantly better than that of control group. This study indicated that the diet containing GP+EZ offered slightly increased benefits to the growth performance of  broilers and these benefits were almost equal to the GP. It is revealed that growth promoter (Aviator™) supplementation with enzymes (Acinor™) is beneficial for broiler production.

 The present study was designed to determine the protection afforded by different vaccination programs against the Newcastle disease virus. A serological survey on the prevalence of antibodies to Newcastle disease virus (NDV) was carried out in broilers chicken in Dinajpur districts. For this reason, a total of 75 serum samples were collected form broiler chickens and samples were divided into five groups, each group contain 15 chickens. Group E did not receive any vaccine and served as a negative control group. Groups A-D were vaccinated with different vaccination programs against NDV. From this experimental work the principal objectives of the present investigation it may be stated that production of Hl-antibody was higher in birds of group D vaccinated with CevacVitapest-LR compared to those of group A vaccinated with Medivac NDLaSotaR, group B vaccinated with BCRDV(R) and group C vaccinated with Izovac. B, HitchnerR. Thus, the CevacVitapest-LR was found to be superior to some extent than Medivac ND-LaSota, BCRDVR, Izovac B, Hitchnert. However, as regards vaccination of chicks against NDV in earlier days the use of lentogenic strains are recommended although it should be kept in mind that vaccination with LaSota strains would cause considerately greater problems in young susceptable birds than Hitchner B1 strain and even through LaSota induces a stronger immune response.

This study was undertaken to determine total viable count (TVC), total salmonella count (TSC) and total vibrio count (TVibC) in fresh fishes collected from markets of Mymensingh, Gazipur and Sherpur districts. Isolation and identification of Salmonella spp. and Vibrio spp. was also done from pangas (n=20), tilapia (n=20) and koi (n=20) collected from different markets of Mymensingh, Gazipur and Sherpur districts. Samples were cultured on plate count agar to determine TVC, xylose-lysine deoxycholate agar (XLD) to determine TSC and thiosulfate citrate bile salt sucrose agar (TCBS) to determine TVibC. The mean value of logarithm colony forming units (CFU±SD/g) of TVC, TSC and TVibC in pangas were log 9.09±0.616, log 5.32±0.391 & log 3.14±0.557CFU/g; log 8.46±0.441, log 5.26±0.589 & log 3.59±0.823 CFU/g and log 7.58±0.466, log 3.28±0.493 & log 2.88±0.386 CFU/g of Mymensingh, Gazipur and Sherpur, respectively. Similarly, the mean values of TVC, TSC and TVibC in tilapia were log 6.60±0.790, log 3.59±0.388 & log 3.75±0.176 CFU/g; log 6.55±0.553, log 3.26±0.502 & log 3.67±0.021 CFU/g and log 6.74±0.372, log 3.44±0.411 & log 3.05±0.609 CFU/g of Mymensingh, Gazipur and Sherpur, respectively and in koi were log 7.51±0.537, log 3.49±0.459 & log 3.35±0.390 CFU/g; log 7.66±0.752, log 3.25±0.465 & log 3.59±0.581 CFU/g and log 7.13±0.393, log 3.27±0.384 & log 3.43±0.297 CFU/g of Mymensingh, Gazipur and Sherpur respectively. The targeted Vibrio spp. and Salmonella spp. were isolated and identified from collected fishes. All the isolates of Salmonella were confirmed by targeting genus specific histidine transport operon gene. Antimicrobial sensitivity test was done for all the isolates of Salmonella and Vibrio species by disc diffusion method. Out of forty five isolates of Salmonella, seven were found multidrug resistant. The bacteria isolated from fish were of public health significance as well as responsible for spoilage of fish.

 The objective of this study was to determine the effect of urea-molasses and di-calcium phosphate additives on silage quality and milk yield of cows. Hence, three types of silages were prepared from Napier fodder namely-Napier silage, urea and molasses added Napier silage (UMN); and di-calcium phosphate added Napier (DCPN) silage. These types of silage fed to the selected nine lactating Holstein-Friesian crossbred cows and divided into three groups considering three of each. Along with 5 kg of respective silages, ad-libitum rice straw and 3 kg concentrate mixture supplied to each group of cows. Physical attributes of all prepared silages were possessing characteristics of good quality silage. Dry matter content in UMN and DCPN silages were 1.67 and 1.01% higher than Napier silage. UMN silage had 1.59 and 2.33% lower ADF from Napier and DCPN silage, respectively. Again, 1.29% higher NH3-N presents in UMN silage than Napier silage. From 1st to 4th fortnight milk yield data it was found that 23.70, 23.19 and 27.06% milk production increased those cows received Napier, UMN and DCPN silage, respectively. Considering above these, it might be concluded that addition of di-calcium phosphate as additive during silage making would be beneficial for the dairy farmers.

The study was conducted at the experimental field of the Bangladesh Agricultural University (BAU) to demonstrate the evidence of the suitability of dairy farm’s wastewater on soil properties in a maize field under three fertilizer doses and three irrigation treatments. Irrigation had three treatments - I₁: Irrigation with fresh water, I₂: Irrigation with mixed water (fresh water: dairy farm’s wastewater = 1:1) and I₃: Irrigation with raw wastewater. There were three fertilizer treatments - F₀: No fertilizer, F₁: Half of recommended dose fertilizer and F₂: Full dose fertilizer. Wastewater contained different nutrients and organic matter, which optimistically contributed to the soil in the maize field. Both irrigation and fertilizer treatments employed different degrees of influence on the soil health. For the effect of irrigation treatments, the highest values of EC (0.223 dS/m), pH (8.18), OC (0.3733 %), total N (0.046 %), P (7.65 ppm), K (33 .08 ppm), Ca (297.80 ppm) and Mg (109.9 ppm) were recorded under the treatment of I₃, I₁, I₁, I₁, I₃, I₁, I₂ and I₃, respectively, and the lowest values of the soil quality parameters were counted under the treatment of I₁, I₃, I₃, I₃, I₂, I₂, I_1, and I₂, respectively. In case of fertilizer treatments, the maximum values of the soil quality parameters were obtained under the treatment of F₂, F₂, F₀, F₁, F₂, F₁, F_1, and F₁, respectively, and the lowest values were obtained under the treatment of F₀, F₀, F₁, F₀, F₀, F₀, F₀, F₂, respectively. For the irrigation and fertilizer interactions, the maximum values of EC (0.250 dS/m), pH (8.20), OC (0.38 %), total N (0.059 %), P (8.37 ppm), K (48.0 ppm), Ca (374.9 ppm) and Mg (112.60 ppm) were recorded under the treatment combinations I₃F₀, I₁F₂, I₃F₂, I₁F₂, I₃F₂, I₃F₁, I₂F₀ and I₃F₂, respectively, and thye lowest values were recorded under the treatment combinations of I₂F₀, I₁F₀, I₁F₀, I₁F₀, I₂F₀, I₂F₀, I₂F₂ and I₂F₂, respectively.  Both the irrigation and fertilizer treatments and their combinations did not cause any significant variation in the quality parameters of the soil, except soil pH and phosphorus (P) content of the soil in the maize field.

 The objective of the study was to characterize of Boer goats and the Jamunapari goat available in Bangladesh under on-station condition. The study was conducted at Goat and Sheep Research farm of BLRI, Savar, Dhaka from January 2014 to June 2015 and animals were reared under standard intensive management system. The collected data was analyzed by SPSS 17.0 Statistical computer programme. The body coat color of Boer goat was white with reddish-brown head, ears and neck and the body coat color of Jamunapari goats was variety of colors. Both of them had horns but polled Jamunapari goats were also found. The body weight significantly (p<0.001) differed between Boer goat (52.36±5.97 kg) and Jamunapari goat (39.26±3.00 kg). Horn length of Boer goat (19.01±1.29 cm) was significantly (p<0.001) higher than Jamunapari goat (7.98±0.71 cm). Head width and teat length of Jamunapari goat (33.82±0.85 cm and 9.15±0.89 cm) were significantly higher (p<0.05) than Boer goat (30.23±0.63 cm and 5.80±0.87 cm). Rump width significantly (p<0.05) differed between Boer goat (17.87±0.61 cm) and Jamunapari goat (15.19±0.59 cm). The body length, height at wither, chest girth and ear length of Boer goat were 69.96±2.09 cm, 67.98±1.19 cm, 78.39±2.04 cm and 19.43±0.90 cm, respectively where as body length, height at wither, chest girth and ear length of Jamunpari goat were 72.13±1.63 cm, 69.69±1.29 cm, 79.18±2.04 cm and 21.23±0.66 cm, respectively. Phenotype wise Boer goats have distinct meat characteristics than the Jamunapari goats.

The present study was performed to investigate the prevalence of multidrug resistant (MDR) food-borne pathogens in raw chicken meat in Dhaka city, Bangladesh: an increasing food safety concern. A total of 100 meat samples (05 from each market) were collected from randomly selected 20 retail markets of Dhaka city using sterile polythene bags in a view to prevent extraneous contamination. The collected meat samples were then processed and inoculated onto nutrient broth and nutrient agar plates for isolation. The isolated organisms were identified based on staining, motility, cultural and biochemical properties according to standard laboratory methods. The isolated bacteria were also subjected to characterize their antibiotic sensitivity. In the present study, it was revealed that 100% of samples were contaminated by at least one species of bacteria belonging to 5 genera such as Staphylococcus, Escherichia coli, Salmonella, Enterobacter and Bacillus. Out of total 100 meat samples, 56% were contaminated with Escherichia coli whereas 42% were contaminated with Coagulase positive Staphylococcus and 36% were Salmonella species followed by 20%, 14% and 10% were contaminated with Enterobacter species, Coagulase negative Staphylococcus and Bacillus species respectively. A total of 174 bacteria were isolated and identified from raw chicken meat samples inspected of which 29.89% were Escherichia coli, 24.14% were Coagulase positive Staphylococcus, 20.69% were Salmonella species, 11.49% were Enterobacter species, 8.05% were Coagulase negative Staphylococcus and 5.75% were Bacillus species. The antimicrobial sensitivity tests showed that 96.15% of Escherichia coli (50 out of 52), 95.24% of Coagulase positive Staphylococcus (40 out of 42) and 86.11% of Salmonella (31 out of 36) isolates displayed multidrug resistance phenotypes (resistant to more than two antimicrobial agents). All most all the isolates of E. coli, coagulase positive Staphylococcus and Salmonella were more resistant to tetracycline, amoxicillin, ampicillin and streptomycin whereas less resistant to Ceftriaxone and Cefotaxime. The resistance patterns against azithromycin, ciprofloxacin, chloramphenicol, gentamycin, nalidixic acid and kanamycin were fluctuated from 25% to 71.43% among the isolates. This increasing development of multidrug resistance is alarming for the poultry industry and an increasing food safety concern for human.

The research was conducted of a indigenous goat rearing community named “Deshi Chaagol Palon Mohila Somoby Somity Ltd” at three villages namely Pachpai, Borochala and Gangatia under Bhaluka Upazilla, Mymensingh district. Fifty (50) farmers were selected randomly in the study area to conduct baseline survey with help of well organized questionnaire which developed through Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA). Data were analyzed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 17.0. Among livestock, 31 % goat, 29% chicken and 28% cattle were reared in the project areas. 49% goats were solid Black and 36% were Black Boiragi. The profession of the farmer was agriculture (80%). The education level of the farmers was 32% illiterate and 36% were also completed primary education (1-5 class). The average family size, annual income and land size were 4.28±0.15, 83910.00±4330.61 Tk. and 45.78±6.12 decimal, respectively. Farmer’s goat rearing experience was 11.70±1.05 years. Maximum farmers (76%) were reared their goats by semi-intensive systems. Development of data based on socio-economic status of farmers during this study might help in decision making on evaluation of performance of goat at farmer’s community.

This study was conducted to find out the comparative growth performance of six color mutants Japanese quail in Bangladesh. Under this experiment the mortality had shown no significant differences among different isolated plumage color mutants (p>0.05). At day- old it is clear that day- old weight was superior in BB- Black than other mutants (p<0.05). At 1^st week the body weight was higher in BB- Black, intermediate in BB-Dhakaya and BB- Tuxedo and the lowest in BB- White, BB- Fawn and BB- Rosseta (p<0.05). At 2^nd and 5^th weeks of age no significant differences in body weight was found among 6 different isolated plumage color mutants (p>0.05). At 3^rd week the body weight is higher in BB- Rosseta, intermediate in BB- White, BB- Fawn, BB- Dhakaya and BB- Black and the lowest in BB- Tuxedo (p<0.05). At 4^th week the body weight was higher in BB- Black and BB- Fawn, intermediate in BB- Rosseta, BB- White and BB- Dhakaya  and the lowest in BB- Tuxedo (p<0.05). The body weight at marketing age (6 weeks) was higher in BB- Black than other mutants whereas other mutants had shown lower values except BB- Fawn (p<0.05). So BB-Black mutants quail is the best one for farming of quail in perspective of growth in Bangladesh.

The skin, sometimes known as the integumentary System is, in fact, the largest organ of the body. It performs many functions that are important in maintaining homeostasis in the body. Probably the most important of these functions is the control of body temperature. The skin also protects the body from physical damage and bacterial invasion. The skin has an array of sense organs which sense the external environment and also cells which can make vitamin D in sunlight. A study was undertaken of the prevalence, diagnosis and treatment of dermatological disorders in hospitalized dogs at Madras Veterinary College (MVC), Chennai, India from 1^st May to 30^th May, 2017. Total 220 cases were observed and recorded that had a dermatological problem. Among the dog pruritus (86%), alopecia (63%), scaling (77%), maculo-papular-pustular lesion (91%) were the most common presenting sign. A diagnosis or recommendation for treatment was done on the basis of the presenting clinical signs, physical examination and various diagnostic tests. In this study most of the cases were diagnosed by multiple and deep skin scrapings (100 cases) and by dermato-histopathology (70 cases). The most frequently diagnosed cases were Malassezia dermatitis, Demodicosis, Scabies and Tick infestation. Tick infestation accounted for the majority of the diagnoses. Systemic antibiotics were prescribed in 9% cases, systemic antifungal drugs were prescribed in 7% cases, systemic glucocorticoids were prescribed in 10% cases, antihistaminic in 6% cases and treatment with an ectoparasiticide was prescribed in 73% cases.