Issue 2

The occurrence of COVID-19 which causes severe acute respiratory infection has produced a large global outbreak with major public health concern. Since Chinese wet market (LBM) has been blamed to be linked with this global pandemic of COVID-19 as the noble virus has supposed to be transmitted from a wild species, however, this is not yet established the association of SARS-Cov-2 transmission via animal to human or food chain. Moreover, it has been recognized to spread human-to-human transmission by inhalation of droplets or direct contact. Besides the devastating effects of SARS-Cov-2, world has been experiencing the impact of food safety and security as the effect due to global lockdown resulting a wide range of new challenges of economic growth and societal burden. In this review, we have focused on effect of corona virus on food system that included food safety, food security during lockdown, and prevention and control options have been emphasized to keep normalcy of livelihood of general people in low and middle income countries (LMICs). Since the global economy has been downed deeper into a financial crunch, the government efforts are underway to bolster up the priorities with the limited resources, and further funding allocation decision is obligatory for the targeted communities those are affected most due to the swath of pandemic threat of COVID-19.

Breast cancer is the most frequent malignancy and the leading cause of cancer morbidity and mortality in women worldwide. Radiation therapy (RT) is a widely used approach for its treatment. About 50% of patients with malignant breast tumors receive radiation therapy and most of them appear to tolerate it, but some experience severe side effects induced by this therapy. This variability of response may be caused by several factors, like age, inflammatory responses, body weight and variation in genes involved in the response to radiation-induced DNA damage. To limit radiotherapy side effects in breast cancer patients it is therefore important to have a good knowledge of these associated factors. This review discussed about the radiotherapyrelated side effects in breast cancer patients and the factors affecting them.

Increasing demand, uncertain availability, and increasing cost for fishmeal (FM), fish nutritionists have been driven to find alternative sources of protein. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of substituting FM with soybean meal (SM) on growth performance of silver barb, Barbonymus gonionotus. Five diets were prepared 0%SM (100%FM), 25%SM (75%FM), 50%SM (50%FM), 75%SM (25%FM) and 100%SM (0%FM) by replacing FM with SM. B. gonionotus having initial length and weight of 8.62±0.9 cm and 8.80±3.11 gm were fed each diet twice a day for 45 days. Fish sampling was done fortnightly. Significantly higher (P<0.01 and P<0.05) weight and length gain were found up to 75%SM compared to 100%SM. The specific growth rate (6.01±0.34%d^-1) was significantly higher (P<0.05) in 50%SM compare to 75%SM and 100%SM. Considering the result of present study we recommend to replace 50% SM as a source of protein with 50% FM for better growth of B. gonionotus.

The objectives of this study were to evaluate humoral immunity against Newcastle disease (ND) virus in vaccinated chickens in terms of serum HI antibody titers in broiler and layer chickens and to determine pathological changes in vaccinated chickens. A total of 240 serum samples were collected from broiler (135) and layer (105) chickens from Barishal Sadar, Babugonj and Gournadi Upazilas of Barishal district in Bangladesh after two weeks of scheduled vaccination programme. The overall detection of Hemagglutination inhibition (HI) antibodies against Newcastle disease virus was 62.2% in broiler and 83.8% in layer chickens. The percentages of specific HI antibody titer in broiler chickens were 57.5, 70 and 48 in 1-2 weeks, 3-4 weeks, and 4-above weeks age groups respectively where in layer chickens were 85, 80, 90, 80 and 80 in 15-24 weeks, 25-34 weeks, 35-44 weeks, 45-54 weeks and > 55 weeks of age groups respectively. For both broiler and layer chicken’s protective antibody titers were found higher in adult than in young chickens. Out of 240 samples HI titers of 172 (71.67%) samples were found at protective level, 42 (17.5%) samples were at marginal level and 26 (10.83%) samples were below protective level. Among 26 samples of non-protective level, 21 were broiler and 5 were layer chicken. Out of 26 samples, 10 (38.46%) were found apparently infected with NDV where 8 (38.09%) were broiler and 2 (40%) were layer. The apparently infected birds were diagnosed on the basis of postmortem findings and histopathological lesions. Results of the present investigation may help to design appropriate vaccination schedule for ND in broiler and layer chickens and thus to protect chickens from ND in field condition.

This study was conducted under the Department of Physiology and Pharmacology to determine the effects of Neem and Nishyinda leaves supplementation on growth performance and GUT biosis in broilers. A total of 40 day old broiler chicks were divided into four groups A, B, C and D. Group A was considered as control, fed only with commercial broiler ration. Group B supplemented with formulation of 2 gm grinded Neem leaves, Group C with 2 gm grinded Nishyinda leaves and Group D with 1 gm grinded Neem leaves plus 1 gm grinded Nishyinda leaves per liter of water respectively. Observations were recorded for live body weight, weight gain, feed consumption, feed efficiency, hemato-biochemical parameters and GUT biosis specially the parasite of birds in six weeks. Body weights were increased significantly (p<0.05) in all treated groups in respect to the control and highest was recorded in combine Neem plus Nishyinda supplemented groups (Group D). No significant (p>0.05) differences were observed among the groups for PCV and TEC values. Hb content increased and ESR decreased significantly (p<0.05) with combine Neem plus Nishyinda supplemented group (Group D). The serum SGOT and SGPT levels were also decreased with the same kind of supplementation. In treatment group there was significantly decreased of parasitic eggs, but in case of control group no decrease of parasitic eggs. There was no significant pathological change in any internal organs of the broiler of treated groups. Best result was found in the group D. The present study reveals that combine supplementation of Neem plus Nishyinda gives better result over other groups in respect to body weight gain, feed conversion ratio, hemato-biochemical parameter and profitability without making any health hazard of the broilers.

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a group of sex-biased neurodevelopmental disorders characterized by core deficits in social interaction, communication and behaviors. Several lines of evidence indicate that oxytocin signaling through its receptor (OXTR), is vital in a wide range of social behaviors and role of OXTR polymorphism in ASD development has also been established in several populations. Therefore, an attempt was taken to determine whether genetic variations in the oxytocin signaling system contribute to ASD susceptibility in a part of Bangladeshi (BEB) population. We have investigated the role of OXTR polymorphisms (rs53576, rs2254298, rs2228485 and rs237911) in ASD development through PCR-RFLP method, based on case studies. A significant frequency (p = 0.027) for OXTR ‘rs53576AA’ risk genotype was found to be associated with ASD which is consistent with the previous study in Chinese but Caucasian and Japanese population. Besides, no significant association has been found for other OXTR variants (rs2254298, rs2228485 and rs237911) in this study. Understanding of these significant association with ASD development could be open a new clue aimed at clinical marker development for ASD diagnosis and treatment in future.

The emergent medicinal plant Gynura procumbens to the greatest extent familiar in Bangladesh, India, Thailand and Southeast Asia. The plant usually used as a traditional medicine for the treatment of various diseases along with diabetes mellitus. The present investigation was try to display screen qualitative and quantitative phytochemical compositions of ethanol extract of Gynura procumbens leaves as an instance soluble sugar, total amino acids, protein, chlorophyll, flavonoids, tannins, phenol as standard techniques and antioxidant activity as DPPH radical scavenging assay and compare the antibacterial activity by using agar well diffusion method. Qualitative evaluation exhibit present of most of the phytochemicals and quantitative evaluation revealed primary chemical constituents consisting of amino acids (16.34 mg/g), soluble sugar (1.81 mg/g), total chlorophyll (0.52 mg/g), chlorophyll-a (0.34 mg/g), chlorophyll-b (0.145 mg/g) and lowest amount of phytochemical turned into protein (0.12 mg/g). Secondary chemical constituents together with flavonoids (30.32 mg/g), phenols (10.17 mg/g) and tannin (0.96 mg/g). The observation also confirmed great antioxidant activity in a concentration dependent manner via the scavenging of 1, 1-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH). Result confirmed that, the studied sample has high antioxidant efficacy. The antibacterial interest confirmed as negative effects in all bacteria’s tested. These results advise that Gynura extract is a good herbal supply of bioactive compounds.

Moringa is a valuable plant whose leaves are enriched with antioxidants, amino acids, vitamins and mineral nutrients and can be used as a bio-stimulant. A field work was conducted at the Soil Science Field Laboratory of Bangladesh Agricultural University (BAU), Mymensingh, during rabi season from November 2017 to February 2018 in order to investigate the effect of moringa leaf extract (MLE) on growth, yield and nutrient status of cabbage. The experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design with four treatments and three replications. The treatments were T₁ (control), T₂ (MLE) sprayed at 2 weeks after transplanting only], T₃ (MLE sprayed at 2 weeks and 4 weeks after transplanting), T₄ (MLE sprayed at 2 weeks after transplanting and after every two weeks thereafter). The rate of MLE application was 25 mL plant^-1. All the treatments received recommended dose of N, P, K, S, Zn and B fertilizers. The application of MLE significantly improved the growth parameters, yield and yield contributing characters as well as nutrient content and uptake of cabbage. Among the parameters plant height (33.40 cm), leaf number (19.33 cm), length of the largest leaf (29.00 cm), head thickness (9.67 cm), head diameter (20.33 cm), gross yield (72.83 t ha^-1) and marketable yield (48.87 t ha^-1), were maximum in T₄ where MLE was sprayed at 2 weeks after transplanting and after every two weeks thereafter. The lowest values of all these parameters were found in T₁ where no MLE was sprayed. Foliar application of MLE also improved the concentration and uptake of macronutrients (N, P, K and S) in head of cabbage. Thus, application of MLE as a bio-stimulant has the potentiality to enhance growth, yield and nutritional quality of cabbage.

The aims of this study were to compare the responses of four winter wheat cultivars to nitrogen fertilization with vegetation indices calculated using spectral reflection (GreenSeeker hand-held sensor) and to estimate in-season yield (INSEY) using the vegetation indices. The field experiment was conducted at Transitional Zone Agricultural Research Institute of Eskisehir province, Turkey in 2007-2008, 2008-2009 and 2009-2010 growing seasons. The experimental layout was a 2factor factorial in the randomized complete block design. Nitrogen rates were 0, 40, 80, 120, 160 and 200 kg N ha^-1. Vegetation Index (NDVI) was obtained at growth stages of Zadoks 24 (tillering stage), Zadoks stage 30 (stem elongation), Zadoks stage 31 (the first node is visible) and Zadoks stage 32 (the second node is visible). The results revealed that Zadoks stage 30 was the most realistic reading time. NDVI had the advantage of providing information on biomass, in addition to nitrogen nutrition status of crops, enabling in-season yield estimation possible. Therefore, NDVI based calibration equations were preferred for testing in the fields of actual farmers for the last year of study. A comparison of the system with traditional farmer applications indicated that yield estimation obtained by the new system was quite similar yields with 13.2 kg ha^-1 less N in the spring (ZD 3.0), showing its economically promising value.

The study was conducted at Upazila Livestock Office, Sadar, Dinajpur of Bangladesh from January 2018 to December 2018 to investigate the incidence of reproductive disorders in goat. Data on reproductive disorders were collected on the basis of owner’s complain and observed clinical signs. Age and season wise occurrences of reproductive disorders were also recorded. Descriptive statistical analysis was done. Out of 2484 clinical cases, a total of 107 reproductive disorders of goat were recorded. Incidence of abortion (38.3%) was higher and pyometra (0.9%) was lower among reproductive disorder in goat. The incidence of reproductive disorders of goat was higher in group-2 (above 1-2 years) (36.4%) followed by group-1 (upto 1 year) (21.6%), group-3 (above 23 years) (21.5%), group-5 (above 4 years) (15.3%) and group-4 (above 3-4 years) (3.6%). Among reproductive disorders, the incidence of abortion was higher in group-2 (58.9%) followed by retained placenta (50%) in group-4, metritis (47%) and dystocia (23.5%) in group-5, repeat breeding (17.4%) and anestrus (4.3%) in group-3, and pyometra (2.5%) in group-2. Slight seasonal variation among individual case of reproductive disorders were recorded, highest in winter (34.5%) than summer (32.4%) and rainy season (31.7%). The incidence rate of abortion was high in each season (summer 25%, rainy 32.3% and winter 56.7%). In case of retained placenta and dystocia, the incidence was high in summer season (22.2%). But in case of metritis and repeat breeding, the incidence was high in rainy season (32.3% and 14.7% respectively). For treatment of reproductive disorders in goat, antibiotics drugs (35%) were used most commonly and hormonal drugs (3%) used in lower percentages. It was concluded that the most pressing constraint on goat reproduction in Bangladesh is abortion, retained placenta, dystocia and metritis. Strategies should be taken to minimize their occurrence.

Nitrogen is the essential mineral macro nutrients which are required for the maximum magnification and yield of agriculturally paramount crops. Microbial inoculants may supplement and abbreviate the dependency on synthetic costly N-fertilizers in reverence of crop yield. The categorical objectives of the research works are to isolate and identify the Rhizobium from culled soils. The ability of soil microorganisms to fix atmospheric nitrogen is an important trait in promoting plant growth and increasing crop yield. The study was conducted for the isolation and identification of nitrogen fixing bacteria from saline and non-saline soils of different locations of tidal floodplain region of Bangladesh. Six Rhizobium strains were isolated and purified. The isolates were preliminary identified on the basis of their morphological and biochemical characteristics. Based on the results, it can be concluded that the isolates possess great potential to be developed as biofertilizers to enhance soil fertility and plant growth. However, their performance under green house and field conditions should be assessed afore being recommended for biofertilizer production and their applications.

Humans get leptospirosis by contact with fresh water, damp soil, or vegetation contaminated by the urine of infected animals, swallowing contaminated food or water or while working in contaminated flood plains or at wet agricultural settings. The bacteria enter the body through abrasions in the skin and mucous membranes. In the present study recombinant LigB protein is employed in latex agglutination test, which is a cross reacting lipoprotein able to detect acute infection caused by any pathogenic leptospiral serovars. It was employed for serodiagnosis of leptospirosis. The 46 KDa 6X His tagged LigB protein, obtained by IPTG induction of recombinant E. coli M15 cells containing the N-terminal region of LigB gee in _PQE30 expression vector, was purified by Ni-NTA affinity chromatography and adsorbed on latex bead surface for performing latex agglutination test against leptospirosis suspected human sera. A total of 28 human sera samples were received from Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education & Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh India, which tested positive by IgM ELISA test kit were subjected to both rLigB based LAT and MAT. All the 28 sera showed seropositivity by both the tests. Icterohaemorrahigae was the predominant serovar followed by Javanica and Grippotyphosa. Six out seven sera samples received from Indian Veterinary research Institute, Human Hospital and City Hospital, Bareilly were tested positive both by rLAT and MAT. The result showed that sera were tested positive by rLigB based LAT, which were reconfirmed using microscopic agglutination test (MAT). The results from LAT were in concordance with MAT. In conclusion, rLigB based LAT is a rapid, reliable diagnostic tool at resource poor and remote diagnostic centers with high sensitivity and specificity, under laboratory and field conditions, for the detection of leptospirosis.

Pressure ulcers have been labelled as one of the most expensive and physically debilitating complications in the 20th century. After cancer and heart diseases pressure ulcers are the third most expensive disorder. Several studies have indicated that nurses' knowledge and practices about pressure ulcer prevention and management are inadequate. This is a descriptive co-relational study aimed to assess nurses‟ knowledge and practices related to pressure ulcer prevention and management. It also examines the relationships between nurses‟ knowledge and practice with respect to pressure ulcer prevention and management. The subjects were nurses working at Rajshahi Medical College Hospital. Three hundred nurses were selected for this study, two hundred and ninety four nurses were completed the questionnaire and response rate was 98%. Three tools were used for data collection: Demographic, Knowledge and Practice questionnaire. Data were analysed by descriptive and Pearson product-moment correlation statistics. The findings showed that nurses had a moderate level of knowledge and a moderate level of practice when we categorized the findings according to their age, working experience and educational level they scored low level of knowledge. There was a significant correlation was found between nurses knowledge and practice regarding pressure ulcer prevention and management (r =.136, p>.05). Findings of the present study suggest that nurses need to increase knowledge on pressure ulcer prevention and management in order to improve nursing practice in this.

Natural water bodies in Bangladesh are under threat of encroachment due to high population pressure, overexploitation, change of watercourses, and siltation. Therefore, the present study carried out to assess the degree of encroachment of floodplains and its impact on fish biodiversity and the livelihoods of the neighboring fishing communities. The study covered three beels of Naogaon district through remote sensing image interpretation and PRA techniques. The study used three dates remote sensing images and field data which supplemented with the secondary data from diverse origins. Data collected through the recalling method, personal interview with a structured questionnaire and livelihood analysis of fishermen and non-fishermen group living around the beels. The data interpretation showed the water area reduced by 80% from 1981 to 2016 in dry season that converted to boro rice cultivation gradually over time. The type of fishing gears and their use also changed radically over time in all the three beels. The fish catch increased steadily from 1981 and reached its peak in 1996, and then started to fall and continued up to 2016 in all the three beels. The study identified thirty species of SIS and SRS in 1981 that were gradually reduced to 6, 8 and 9 in Digholi, Fatepur and Pakuria beels respectively in 2016. Fish biodiversity reduced as fish-friendly large mesh cotton net replaced by the smaller mesh jagotber jal and monofilament synthetic current jal. Moreover, the annual income of the fishermen family was lower than non- fishermen family in beels areas. The current study clearly identified significant encroachment of floodplains area by agricultural activities between 1981 and 2016 and aquatic biodiversity reduced dramatically and the livelihoods of poor fishermen became vulnerable.

The study was attempted to collect information on buffalo husbandry practices existing in household farming level along with farmers’ status and problems they faced with probable solutions in selected coastal regions of Bangladesh. Data were collected from eighty (80) randomly interviewed household farmers of two coastal districts (Bhola and Patuakhali) through questionnaire from 1^st January to 30^th June 2019. Buffalo rearing was practiced by male farmers (85%) in age group of 31-45 yrs (47.5%) having primary level education (51.25%) and belonged to small category of farmers (52.5%) whose main occupation is agriculture (76.25%). About 82.5% farmers used own capital while 96.25% farmers practiced buffalo rearing without any training. Majority (80%) of the farmers had small herd size (<6) where highest number (91.25%) of farmers kept female buffaloes. About three-forth farmers (77.5%) did not care for housing of their buffaloes. Among the sheds provided mainly at night (85%), most of them had tinned roof (91.25%), muddy floor (97.5%), inadequate floor space (70%) and improper drainage system (65%). Maximum farmers (90%) practiced grazing their buffaloes from morning to evening at public land and offered locally collected natural roughages at night but did not practice concentrate feeding. No farmers accepted any feeding technology, used vitamin-mineral supplements or growth promoters and followed balanced ration feeding to buffaloes. Clean drinking water supply (3.75%) was very poor practice although farmers had opportunity. Natural breeding (85%) was more prominent practice and buffaloes mainly showed heat in winter. About 45% and 60% farmers practiced irregular vaccination and de-worming, respectively. Feeds shortage is the most common problem along with others where attention is needed. The overall observations indicated that scientific management practices to exploit inherent capacity of buffaloes were not adopted by farmers and hence, management practices were not satisfactory and need to be corrected through motivation and providing extension services among farmers.

The morphometric characters are effectively used for the better differentiation among the fish population and sustainable management. The appraisal of the natural population stock and morphological variation within and between two hilsha species (Tenualosa ilisha and Tenualosa toli) from three different habitat (Coastal, riverine and marine) of Bangladesh, were investigated by applying the land mark based morphometric and meristic variation measurement methods. All data were adjusted and Univariate ANOVA, where discriminant function analysis (DFA) and principal component analysis (PCA) exhibited the divergences in eight morphometric measurements and eight truss network measurements among the three stocks of T. ilisha. The 1^st DFA accounted for 89.8% & 87.4% and the second DFA resolved 10.2% and 12.6%, respectively in morphometric characteristics variation among the group studied. Scattered plotting from PCA and dendogram from cluster analysis (CA) revealed that, the river habitants were morphologically different from the coastal and marine population. Twelve of fifteen morphometric measurements and thirteen of fourteen truss network measurements showed significant differences between T. ilisha and T. toil with significant variation in meristic characters. PCA revealed 89.23% and 88.29% in case of morphometric and truss measurement respectively confirmed high degree of variations in morphological characteristics between two species. Overall, our results based on morphometrics with truss measurements together provide useful information about the morphological differentiation which will be helpful for sustainable exploration and effective management for these two species.

In order to know the existing situation of different chemicals and aqua-drugs used for fish health management an investigation was conducted following a time frame of May, 2019 to October, 2019 at Rangpur district of Bangladesh. Data were collected from the randomly selected fish farmers, company representatives and chemical sellers through questionnaire interview, personal contact and Focus Group Discussion (FGD). Farmers were facing several water quality problems associated with different fish diseases. To overcome those obstacles they use variety of chemicals inclulding lime, salt, potassium permanganate, urea, TSP, phitkiri and copper sulphate. Farmers used different chemicals for various purposes like Aquapure, Biopond, Zeofresh, JVzeolite, Zeorich, Megazeo plus, Geo-ren etc. for pond preparation and water quality management; Sumithion, Engreb, I-mec, Sanmarine etc. for eradication of unwanted species; Oxymax, Oxymore, Oxylife, Aci-ox, Oxyrich, Oxy-aqua, Oxyren etc. to increase oxygen concentration and Gasonil, Gastrap, Bioaqua-50, Gasonex, Metrix, Pondkleen etc. for reducing harmful gases in pond water. Used disinfectants like Timsen, Virex, Polgard+, , Micronil etc.; antibiotics include Renamycin, Eskamycin, Bactitab, Cotrim vet bolus, Chemycin, Aquamycin etc.; Aqua photo, Safegut, Biomax, Profs, Pond care etc. were the used probiotics where various growth promoters include Panvit aqua, Nutrigel, Aquazyme, Spa gelly, Charger gel etc. Some problems were reported regarding the use of chemicals such as their indiscriminate use, method of application, time of application and inappropriate doses.

Ultrasonography is an easy, noninvasive, rapid investigation advised by doctors worldwide. Hence we diagnosed different types of cases through ultrasonography at outdoor patients admitted to Department of Rangpur Medical College Hospital, Rangpur Bangladesh over a period of four months. Our objective was to investigate the prevalence of different types of cases diagnosed and evaluated by ultrasonography in a variety of physical conditions with multiple clinical scenarios. Ultrasonography were performed using GE Logiq V5 Expert ultrasound machine with linear and curved linear phased array transducers. A total 300 cases were diagnosed, where female and male cases were 204 (68%), 96 (32%) respectively. Most ultrasound examinations were abdominal, with the remainder being obstetric, pelvic, breast, and genitourinary examinations. In this study, abdominal ultrasonography represented 118 case (39.33%), Pelvic 54 (18%), KUB 57 (19%), Breast 7 (2.33%) and Obstetrics 64 (21.33%). We found general clinical prevalence of abdominal cases were Cholelithiasis 17 (5.67%), Cholecystitis 3 (1%), Fatty liver 24 (8%), Hepatic Mass 2 (0.67%), Hepatic cyst 1 (0.33%), Acute hepatitis 2 (0.67%), Acute appendicitis 6 (2%), Ascites 2 (0.67%), Hernia 3(1%), Acute pancreatitis 2 (0.67%), Choledocholithiasis 2 (0.67%), Splenomegaly 1 (0.33 %), Abscess 1 (0.33%) and normal cases were 54 (18%). In genitourinary, Stone 20 (6.67%), Cyst 7 (2.33%), RPD 11 (3.67), Cystitis 4 (1.33), Ectopic kidney 1 (0.33%), Enlarged prostate 6 (2%), Hydronephrosis 1 (0.33%), Mass lesion 2 (0.67%) and normal cases were 7 (2.33%). In Pelvic, RPC 11 (3.67%), Ovarian and adnexal cyst 11 (3.67%), Uterine Anomaly 14 (4.67%), Mass lesion 2 (0.67%), Collection 7 (2.33) and normal cases were 5 (1.67%). In Obstetrics, normal pregnancy with no or minor complications, pregnancy with severe complications and abnormal pregnancy were 31(10.33%), 30(10%) and 3(1.0%) respectively. In Breast, dilated duct 1 (0.33%), Abscess 2 (0.67%), Fibroadenoma 2 (0.67%) and normal cases were 2 (0.67%). Here, we found that Fatty liver, stone in genitourinary tract and gall stone were highly prevalent. So, health care providers need to concern and raise awareness to reduce the number of cases.

Foreign body (FB) ingestion is common in children worldwide. Type of FB ingestion varies among cultures and countries. We retrospectively reviewed all patients of foreign body ingestion who were admitted in Department of Pediatric Surgery, Chittagong Medical College Hospital from January 2017 to December 2019 (total 3 years). Age, Sex, type of foreign body, hospital stay, management and outcome were analyzed. A total of 91 children were admitted with ingestion of FB during this period; male 61, female 30 (male to female ratio 2:1). Age ranged from 3 months to 12 years (median 3.5 ± 3.8 years). Fifty eight percent were less than 5 years old. Children ingested 21 different types of FB; however ingestion of coin was most common (24 patients, 26.37%) followed by different types of pins (19 patients, 20.88%), nail (6 patients, 6.59%), battery (5 patients, 5.49%), screw (5 patients, 5.49%), needle (4 patients, 4.40%), ring (4 patients, 4.40%) and others (18 patients). Sharp object ingestion is higher in older (>5 year) age group. Hospital stay ranged from 0 day to 19 days (mean 1.6 ± 2.1 day). Endoscopic removal needed in 4 patients (coin-2, chain 2), bronchoscopic removal in 1 (pin) and one patient needed laparotomy (open hair pin). There was no mortality. The pattern of FB ingestion is similar to many other countries. Small, smooth objects pass spontaneously. Endoscopic or surgical intervention is sometimes needed if significant symptoms develop or if the object fails to progress through the gastrointestinal tract.

Repeat breeding is one the most common reproductive disorders that hinders favorable productivity in domestic animals. Repeat breeding in dairy cows not only affects the fertility of the cattle to a considerable extent but also incurs great economic loss to the farmer. Biochemical profile can indicate the nutritional status and help in diagnosis and management of infertility in animals. Present study explores the implication of some biochemical parameters (total protein, bilirubin and some macro minerals as calcium, inorganic phosphorus and magnesium) on normal cyclic breeding process of Bangladeshi dairy cows. Current observation indicates that the lower calcium, inorganic phosphorus and magnesium concentrations might be associated with the ovulatory disturbances in repeat breeder cows. On the other hand, total protein and bilirubin do not play a significant role in causing repeat breeding problem in those cows. Thus, this study provides supportive evidence about the importance of calcium, inorganic phosphorus and magnesium in the resumption of repeat breeding condition.

The research was aimed to determine the present status of probiotics (Lactobacillus spp.) and pathogenic bacteria (Vibrio spp.) of culture pond as well as to determine whether the isolated probiotic Lactobacillus spp. can act as a controlling agent on experimentally pathogenic Vibrio spp. infected Penaeus monodon. In In-vitro test of gills and intestinal tracts, the potential antagonistic activity of Lactobacillus spp. toward Vibrio spp. was gradually observed at 4^th hour of probiotic treatment. At 12^th hour the viable count of Vibrio spp. was drastically reduced in gill from 2.33×10⁵ to 1.03×10³ (CFUg^-1) and in intestinal tract 2.35×10⁵ to 6.43×10² (CFUg^-1).  While, in In-vivo test, in case of muscle, gills and intestinal tract antagonistic activity of Lactobacillus spp. toward Vibrio spp. was noticed after 9 hours, 21 hours and 27 hours respectably of probiotic injected shrimps. However, only the result of in-vitro challenge test revealed that, Lactobacillus spp. significantly reduced the Vibrio spp. viable count of the gills of the selected samples (P=0.037). The investigation showed antagonistic effect of probiotic (Lactobacillus spp.) on experimentally Vibrio spp. infected shrimp.

This study was aimed exploring the cytotoxicity and antimicrobial activity of the leaves D. thwaites is an endemic plant to Sri Lanka. The plant is known for its nutritional and medicinal applications where especially the leaf decoctions are being used to wash skin wounds in indigenous medicine. The brine shrimp lethality assays was performed to evaluate normal toxicity and it gave LC₅₀ value greater than 1000 µg/ mL showing that the plant extracts are non-toxic to the normal cells. The agar-well diffusion assay was performed to assess the antimicrobial activity, and strains of bacteria; E. coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and fungus; Candida albicans were used as test organisms. The results indicated that all the extracts are active against Staphylococcus aureus (Gram Positive) with maximum inhibition shown for methanolic and aqueous extracts. When it was tested against MRSA both aqueous and methanolic extracts gave similar inhibitions. The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) were determined as 6.25 mg/mL and 100 mg/mL respectively with S. aureus whereas no inhibition observed by any of the extract against Gram negative bacteria and Candida albicans. Thus, this study revealed the leaves of D. thwaites possesses strong anti-bacterial activity against S. aureus and MRSA. The results confirmed the efficacy of using D. thwaites as the natural antimicrobial agent and suggested to develop the leaves into value added products to be used in topical applications as antiseptic solutions or ointments.

Infection control practice is one of the major task performed by health care worker to reduce health care-associated infections (HACIs) in hospital. Health care-associated infections (HACIs) are common causes of illness and mortality among hospitalized patients including healthcare workers. The study aimed to identify the infection control practices in a district hospital. A cross sectional study was conducted from January to December, 2019 in a district hospital, Jashore, Bangladesh. Two hundred and twelve (212) Healthcare workers were selected purposively from this hospital and interviewed with a pre-tested semi-structured questionnaire. An observational check list was also used to observe the practices of that hospital. Among the healthcare workers 21 (9.9%) were doctor, 143 (67.5%) were nurse, 8 (3.8%) were technologist, 7 (3.3%) were aya, 13 (6.1%), were ward boy and 20 (9.4%) were cleaner. Collected data were checked, coded and transferred in to SPSS version 25 for analysis. Frequency, Percentage, Mean, SD, chi-square and other statistics were calculated. Pvalue less than 0.05 were set as statistically significant. The practices scores were categorized into good (≥80%), fair (59-79%), and poor (≤59%). The study found that overall of the respondents had fair practices regarding infection control. Among the doctors, nurse 7.3% had good practice, 51.8% had fair practice and 40.9% had poor practice. Among the supporting staffs 54.20% had Fair practice and 45.80% had Poor practice regarding infection control practices. Association between use of PPE with gender (p-.000) and with designation (p-.000) was evaluated and found highly significant relationship. Study findings suggest that in the existing infection control practices are often neglected and failed to protect healthcare workers and patients from hospital acquired infection.

There are three pairs of salivary glands in Black Bengal goat namely parotid, mandibular and sublingual salivary gland. Information regarding the sublingual salivary gland is very limited and confined in adult goat only, no reports available concerning the postnatal development of the goat sublingual gland to date. Present study is carried out to fill up the gap of information regarding this gland. In day old kid the sublingual gland is measured 2.5 ± 0.30 cm in length, 0.25 ± 0.08 cm in breadth, 0.15 ± 0.01 cm in thickness and 0.09 ±0.01 g in weight which became little more than double in each parameter in adult. The main sublingual duct is formed by the union of 5-7 radicles from monostomatic part of the gland and opened at sublingual caruncle. 2630 small tortuous ducts arise from the polystomatic part and opened independently in a row of microscopic orifices of the sublingual fold. Gradual histological development shows the glandular units composed of tubulealveolar acini which are mostly mucous in type. The mucous acini composed of pyramidal shape cells resting on a basement membrane. In day old kid, the acini have distinct lumen. The cells contain rounded nuclei at their basal part and lack of zymogenic granules indicating less functional state of the glands. Along the advancement of age the size of lobes and lobules are increased, the lumens of the mucous acini reduced in size, nuclei of the cells became flattened the zymogenic granules increased gradually. Mixed acini are more than the serous acini where a serous demilune is attached on a mucous acinus. The serous acini were less in number.

Plants synthesise many secondary metabolites which are of great medicinal value. Costus pictus also known as Insulin plant is considered as valuable medicinal plant in preparation of many commercial pharmaceutical products. The aim of the present study is to identify one such secondary metabolite flavonoid (Rutin) in the leaves of Costus pictus by HPLC method and also to evaluate the antioxidant potential of Ethyl acetate extract of Costus using DPPH and NO scavenging assay. The Extracted material was identified as Rutin by comparing with Standard Rutin. Both the samples showed similar retention time of 2.8 minutes. The extract showed maximum DPPH free radical scavenging activity with increase in concentration and IC₅₀ of Nitric acid scavenging activity was found to be more for the Extract than the standard ascorbic acid and Rutin. From this study it is concluded that Costus pictus leaves extract can be used as natural food supplement.

Performance evaluation of existing dairying is important to design relevant dairy development strategies and implement context specific interventions for future development of the dairy enterprise. The present study was carried out to evaluate the clinical trends (reproductive performance and disorders) of dairy cows of Rajshahi district, Bangladesh. A total of 500 cows randomly selected and data were collected directly from the dairy farms owners from 6 upazilas and 4 metro thanas of Rajshahi district by using questionnaires and diagnosis of reproductive disorders (RD) was made on the basis of history, clinical signs and response to treatment. The average reproductive performance (RP) were recorded as age at puberty 26.42±0.22 m, age at first calving 35.48±0.22 m, post-partum heat period 121.85±3.48 days, service per conception 1.93±0.04, days open 136.80±3.57 days and calving interval 401.04±3.94 days. The better RP was found at metro thanas compared to upazilas, though no significant difference was found except on service per conception (p<0.05). The overall prevalence of RD was 78.6% in Rajshahi district. Among the reproductive and productive disorders, anoestrus 24.6% was the highest prevalent disorders followed by abortion 13.4%, repeat breeding 11.4%, retained placenta 10.2%, dystocia 5.4%, mastitis 4.4%, vaginal prolapse 2.4%, pyometra 1.8%, metritis 1.6%, uterine prolapse 1.4%, milk fever 1.2% and still birth 0.8%. The highest occurrence of RD was recorded in Tanore upazila (92%) and the lowest in Poba upazila (62%). In comparison between the upazila and metro thanas the minimum occurrence of RD was recorded in metro thanas (31%) than upazilas (47.6%).

Nijhum dwip is a well-known island in which local people are mostly dependent on fisheries resources. The island is located in Hatiya Upazila under Noakhali district, Bangladesh. The present study attempted to investigate the socio-economic condition of fishers on this island. We randomly selected 50 fishers for an interview in the field survey. From the investigation, we found that 94% of fishers were male, and 6% were female. A large portion was Muslim (90%), and the rest was Hindu (10%). About 91% were found married. Nuclear families were more (59%) common compared to joint families. Among school-going children, 57% of boys and 43% of girls were dropouts. Eighty-eight per cent of dwellings were full katcha while semipacca were 12% and all the family are lack of electricity facilities. Different types of the net including the set bag net, tong jal, current jal, tanajal etc. were found on this island. They used motorboats, and engine power ranges from 8 to 22 hp for fishing. A group of fishermen caught fish averagely 35-80 kg per day. A portion of them being consumed for households and the rest of them are usually sold. The monthly average income was around BDT7000-8000. Fifty-six per cent of the fishermen borrowed money from money lenders and 44% from the NGOs. Our findings suggest that GOs and NGOs should come forward for the betterment of socio-economic condition through increasing educational opportunities, loan facilities and electricity facilities and sustainable livelihood in the present study area.

Workload and job satisfaction are interrelated and have an impact on health care. A cross sectional study was conducted to assess the workload and job satisfaction among nurses in a tertiary level hospital, Rajshahi. Three hundred and eighty four Nurses were selected and interviewed with semi-structured questionnaire. Collected data were checked and transferred in to SPSS version 25 for analysis. Frequency, Percentage, Mean, SD and other statistics were calculated. In the study, 63.8 % of the respondents ages were within 21-30 years and majority (94.2%) was female. More than half 57.03% of the respondents had expressed low job satisfaction, 40.62% expressed moderate satisfaction and only 2.34% of nurses were highly satisfied with their job. About 25% respondent’s opinion regarding workload in surgical wards and 18% in medicine ward. In this study, nurse patient’s ratio in- pediatric medical unit was- 16:1, surgical unit- 15:1, medicine unit14:1. About 96.9% got support from colleague, 88.5% respondents realize shortage of staff in that hospital. In this study near half of the nurses had not enough time to provide emotional support to the patient and almost 90% stated on shortage of staff nurses in the hospital. Fifty percent of the nurses expressed on excess workload and more than half of the nurses satisfied regarding nursing care given to the patients. Among the nurses 30% dissatisfied with the hospital work environment and overall job security. In this study, 88.5% respondent’s opined regarding shortage of staff nurses in that hospital. Health facilities requires increase of nursing personnel.