This research work was conducted to detect the prevalence of Infectious Laryngotracheitis (ILT) Virus-specific antibody in chickens from Gazipur district in Bangladesh at Department of Microbiology, Hajee Mohammad Danesh Science & Technology University, Dinajpur and Poultry Care Lab, Garzipur from January to June 2012. A total number of 232 sera sample of commercial layer chicken were collected from 17 different commercial layer farms at different ages. The layers prognosed for sampling had not been previously vaccinated against ILTV. The indirect enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (iELISA) was performed to estimate the Infectious Laryngotracheitis (ILT) Virus-specific antibody. Out of 232 samples, 189 (81.47%) samples were found to positive for Infectious Laryngotracheitis (ILT) Virus-specific antibody. In 17 different commercial farms prevalence based on age were 75%, 87.5%, 87.5%, 90%, 81.25%, 80%, 100%, 70%, 81.25%, 81.25%, 90%, 93.08%, 87.5%, 75%, 75%, 68.75% and 75% in the age limit 08, 09, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 17, 19, 21, 25, 31, 35, 44 and 51 weeks respectively and farms showed high level of ILT virus specific antibodies (IgG). This result showed that in 15 weeks of age prevalence was highest position i.e; 100%. The result of this study indicate that there were a high prevalence of Infectious Laryngotracheitis (ILT) Virus circulating at Gazipur district in Bangladesh. [/showhide]

In-vitro study of Chromolaena odorata extracts was determined against isolated Phytophthora megakarya for the purpose of investigating the antifungal activity of ethanolic, cold-water and warm-water extracts of the medicinal plant against Phytophthora megakarya. Their antifungal effects were assessed with agar-well diffusion methods. Phytochemical screening and minimum inhibitory concentrations of the extracts were also determined. A qualitative phytochemical analysis of the extracts showed the presence of biologically active constituents such as flavonoids, phenols, tannins, sterols, amino acid and glycosinulate. Results showed that antifungal effects of Chromolaena odorata against Phytophthora megakarya were most efficient by ethanolic extracts, followed by extract of cold-water while hot water extract had no visible antifungal effect. Zones of clearance range from 15.00 mm to 32.00 mm using ethanolic extractions with concentrations from 1% to 5% while zones of clearance using cold water extract was from 5.00 mm to 30.00 mm with varying concentrations of  1% to 5%.   The negative control using sterile distilled water showed no inhibitory effect on Phytophthora megakarya while 41.00 mm zone of clearance was observed in the positive control test using Metalaxyl and cuprous oxide-containing synthetic fungicide. This study provides a scientific confirmation of the use of Chromolaena odorata   against cocoa pod infections by some local farmers.

This research work was conducted to detect the prevalence and incidence of Avian Influenza Virus (AIV) in Duck at hoar area of Kishorganj district in Bangladesh. The study period was July 2013 to December 2013 and the molecular work was done in Central Disease Investigation Laboratory (CDIL), Dhaka. A total number of 736 blood serum sample and 150 cloacal swab sample were collected from asymptomatic semi scavenging duck above 4 month of age. Blood serum sample was tested to detect the prevalence of Avian Influenza Virus A (AIV) specific antibody through indirect Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Essay (ELISA) and cloacal sample was tested to detect the incidence of AIV through real time Polymerase Chain reaction (PCR). A total number of 736 blood serum sample were tested in which 684 is positive (+ve) of Avian Influenza type A antibody and 52 are negative (-ve) of Avian Influenza type A. The prevalence rate was 92.93%. The tested result shown that prevalence rate was in 4-6 month of age as 93.96%, as 7-9 month of age as 92.92 % and in 10-12 month of age as 91.91%. A total number of 15 pooling sample from 75 cloacal samples was conducted for detection of AIV that shed in environment. After calculating the result through real time Reverse Transcription (RT) - PCR, it was shown that 2 pooling sample was positive (13.33%) for AIV and 13 pooling sample was negative (86.87%) for AIV. So incidence rate was 13.33% for AIV. This duck can transmit the AIV in the surrounding poultry population and clinical outbreaks may occur. After analysis of ELISA & PCR result it was shown that duck act as a natural reservoir of AIV in Bangladesh. 

Water rehydration capacity of the fishes named tengra (Mystus tengara) and batashi (Neotropious atherinoides) were studied in order to evaluate their eating quality. The initial value of protein, fat and ash content of Salt-Smoke-Dried (SSD) tengra and batashi was 63.40, 19.95 and 16.55%; 65.93, 17.09 and 16.90%, respectively on dry matter basis. Maximum Rehydration capacity obtained from salt-smoke-dried batashi and minimum value obtained from traditional dried tengra before storage at 28⁰C temperature and its range varied between 17.68 to 50.38%. The reconstitution capacity of the products at 28⁰C after the two month storage was in the range of 36.15 to 47.22% with minimum value for SSD tengra stored at ambient temperature after soaking 15 and maximum value obtained from SSD tengra stored at refrigeration temperature after 60 min soaking in water. After two month storage at 40⁰C the water reconstitution capacity was in the range of 38.24 to 54.78% with lowest value for control dried (CD; treated without salt and smoke) tengra stored at ambient temperature after soaking 15 min and highest value obtained from SSD batashi stored at refrigeration temperature after soaking 60 min in water. On the other hand at 60⁰C the reconstitution capacity after two month storage was in the range of 40.0 to 68.55% with minimum value for CD tengra stored at ambient temperature soaked after 15 min and maximum value for SSD batashi stored at refrigeration temperature soaked after 60 min in water. The reconstitution percentage was completely high at 60⁰C after soaking for 60 min for most of the samples.

To develop a scientific and affordable shrimp farming system for marginal to medium farmers with low inputs and higher returns by scaling up of production per unit area, shrimp culture was practiced with 3, 5 and 7/m² stocking densities for the period of 60 days as short cycle and 120 days as long cycle. All the hydrographical parameters were found congenial in different treatments except dissolved oxygen (DO) in case of higher stocking density and long culture pattern. However, the specific growth rate (SGR) was optimal in both culture cycle but increased sharply in first 3-4 weeks of grow out period. Distinct survival rate were found in different treatment which was ranged from 86.39 to 90.96% but did not show significant difference (P>0.05%) among the treatments of short and long culture cycle. Total yield was ranged from 990 kg/ha to 1998 kg/ha for short cycled double and 1012 kg/ha to 2032 kg/ha for single cropping pattern. Highest production was obtained under the stocking densities of 7/m²although the average production showed significant difference (P<0.05%) among the treatments of both culture patterns. The food conversion ratio (FCR) value seems similar for all cropping patterns and ranged between 1.15 and 1.57. Except stocking density of 7/m² at short cycle culture, net benefit were significantly (P>0.05%) higher in long cycle crop than that of aggregate of two short cycle crops. But benefit cost ratio (BCR) in short culture cycle is significantly (P>0.05%) higher than that of long culture (120 days) which indicates higher net benefit as well as positive feasibility of short culture system. Considering the infrastructural facilities in farm level and resource capability, this shrimp farming technology would be appropriate to boost up the production and income particularly for marginal to medium farmers.

Enterovirulent Escherichia coli remain as an important etiological agent of goat diarrhoea in Bangladesh. The present study was designed with a view to isolate and identifies E. coli from field cases. For this purpose, a total of 135 faecal samples (85 from diarrhoeic and 50 from apparently healthy goat) were collected during the period from January 2012 to July 2012 from different areas in Rangpur District. It was found that the prevalence of E. coli was higher (18.82 %) in diarrhoeic goats while it was lower (14.00 %) in non diarrhoeic goats. Age wise distribution of E. coli isolates were 26.42% in day old to 1 year, 10.53% in 1-2 years and 11.36% in above 2 years age of goat respectively. All the isolates of E. coli revealed greenish black colony with metallic sheen in Eosine methylene blue agar, bright pink color smooth transparent colony in MacConkey agar and slight pinkish smooth colony in Salmonella-Shigella agar. Gram stain and hanging drop techniques were performed with the cultured bacteria. Biochemical properties of the isolates were studied, and antibiotic sensitivity test was done by agar disk diffusion method. In Gram stain, the organisms revealed Gram negative, small rod shaped, occurs singly or paired. Biochemically, all of the isolates showed fermentation of dextrose, sucrose and maltose with the production of acid and gas, negative result to Voges-Proskauer test, positive result to Methylred test and differential result to Indol test. All the isolates of E. coli were highly sensitive to ciprofloxacin and gentamicin while moderately sensitive to colistin, livofloxacin and azithromycin and less sensitive to ceftraexon and tetracyclin and resistant to amoxycillin, ampicillin, erythromycin, and neomycin. Therefore, ciprofloxacin and gentamicin may be the antibiotics of first choice, and colistin, livofloxacin and azithromycin may be the second choice among the test antibiotics for the treatment of illness caused by these bacteria.

The present experiment was conducted at the Germplasm Centre (GPC) of the Fruit Tree Improvement Program (FTIP), Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, during the period from June to October, 2013 to investigate the effects of scion defoliation and stock leaf retention on growth of grafted Lime (cv. BAU lime-1). The experiment consisted of two factors such as Factor A: four scion defoliation periods viz., defoliation before 9 days of grafting, defoliation before 6 days of grafting, defoliation before 3 days of grafting and defoliation on the day of grafting and Factor B: retention of leaf on rootstock below graft union viz., rootstock with leaf and rootstock without leaf. The study was laid out following Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications. The grafts were kept under observation in poly tunnel condition. Results revealed that highest graft height, (45.47 cm), number of leaves (15.72) and branches (2.92), length of the largest leaf(8.45cm), breadth of the largest leaf(3.77cm) were observed when scions were defoliated 6 days before grafting and lowest graft height (38.72 cm), number of leaves (12.12) and branches (2.25), length of the largest leaf(5.60cm), breadth of the largest leaf(3.37cm) were observed when scions were defoliated on the day of grafting. In respect of retention of leaves on rootstock, the highest graft height (43.83 cm), number of leaves (15.62) and branches (2.82), length of the largest leaf(7.47cm), breadth of the largest leaf(3.78cm) were found when grafting was done on rootstock with leaves and lowest graft height (39.78 cm), number of leaves (11.32) and branches (2.48), length of the largest leaf(6.57cm), breadth of the largest leaf(3.40cm) were found when grafting was done on rootstock without leaves. Therefore, the maximum growth in grafted lime seedlings can be achieved if scion defoliated 6 days prior to grafting operation and leaves are kept on root stock below graft union.

Euphobia hirta (Eh) was subjected  to elemental analysis using X-ray fluorescence (XRF), and the results revealed the following concentrations of the elements : sulphur (4.128 mg/kg), potassium (58.755 mg/ kg), calcium (34.102mg/kg), scandium (0.256mg/kg), titanium (0.348 mg/kg), iron (2.124 mg/mg), zinc (0.108 mg/kg), rubidium (0.040 mg/kg), strontium (0.089mg/kg), zireonium (0.026mg/kg), molybdenum (0.006 mg/kg) and thorium (0.120 mg/kg)  respectively. All elements analysed above were within the permissible limit set by World Health Organization (WHO) and Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO).Vanadium, chromium, manganese, cobalt, nickel, copper, arsenic, selenium, palladium, silver, cadmium, tin, antimony, tellurium, caesium, barium, tungsten, gold, mercury and lead were not detected in  the sample.

This study was undertaken to study the AI conception rate using frozen semen at field level. Five farms in Mymensingh, Bangladesh were selected for AI Trial in field ewes. Four rams were selected for semen collection, evaluation, and frozen semen production and further to study conception rate followed by intra-cervical AI in both natural and synchronized ewes. Conception rate were confirmed by non-returned rate and ultrasound scanning at 30-40 days of post insemination. The volume, colour, mass activity, sperm motility, viability, concentration, HOST +ve (%) and normal spermatozoa percentages were 0.8±0.3 ml, 3.9±0.3, 4.4±0.6, 81.3±5.0%, 90.0±4.0%, 3519.0±545.6x10⁶/ml, 87.4±3.3% and 85.6±1.8%, respectively. The sperm concentration of ram R#6 was significantly higher (P<0.05) (4120.5±93.5x10⁶/ml) compared with other rams. The mean motility and viability of pre-dilution, 120 minutes of addition of Part-A, 240 minutes of addition of Part-B and post-thaw were (83.8±4.8%, 81.3±2.5%, 80.0±4.1% and 41.3±9.5%) and (93.3±1.0%, 90.0±1.4%, 88.8±1.0% and 58.3±8.7%), respectively. There were no significant difference (P˃0.05) between pre-dilution and post-dilution sperm motility and viability percentage however, post-thaw sperm motility and viability significantly (P<0.05) decreased compare with the motility and viability of pre-dilution and post-dilution values.  Motility and viability percentages of frozen semen did not decrease significantly (P> 0.05) with the increase of preservation time. The mean motility and viability at 24 hrs, day 7, day 15 and day 30 were 41.3±9.5%, 41.5±8.5%, 41.8±9.9% and 40.5±10.2%; and 59.0±10.1%, 58.5±7.7%, 59.0±8.8% and 57.8±8.3%, respectively. The conception rates in natural and synchronized estrous were 26.7% and 25%, respectively. There was no significant difference in conception rates between the natural and synchronized oestrous in field level. However, the present non-return rate and conception rate indicate the suitability of produced frozen semen application in the field level.

This study was undertaken to assess the reproductive performances of sheep at field level of Rajshahi and Mymensingh district of Bangladesh during January to December, 2016. A total of 52 farms (26 each in Rajshahi and Mymensingh) were selected for determining the reproductive parameters of ewes. Ewe lambs in Mymensingh reached puberty at significantly (P<0.03) younger age (186.9±18.4 days) than in Rajshihi (199.9±24.9 days). The average age at first pregnancy was 201.4±20.0 days in two regions. Similarly, the ewes in Mymensingh was lambing at significantly (P<0.002) early age than ewes in Rajshahi (356.0±6.8 days vs. 372.7±27.8 days). The observed duration of oestrus at Rajshahi and Mymensingh was 36.0±6.7 hrs and 36.0±7.3 hrs, respectively. The gestation length varied from 145 to 150 days. The average gestation length was 147.9±3.4 days in two regions. The gestation length was not significant (P˃0.05) in the ewes between Rajshahi and Mymensingh (148.7±3.4 and 147.1±3.2 days; respectively). The pooled over litter size was 1.6±0.2 in two regions. However, there was no significant (P>0.05) difference in litter size of ewes in Rajshahi and Mymensingh region (1.7±0.2 vs. 1.6±0.2). The pooled lambing interval was 193.9±21.7 days in two regions. Mean birth weights of lambs, weaning weight and mature weight were 1.7±0.6 vs. 1.3±0.1 kg; 8.9±2.7 vs. 6.9±1.0 kg and 24.9±7.3 vs. 19.4±2.7 kg in Rajshahi and Mymensingh, respectively. These reproductive parameters were significantly higher (P<0.001) in Rajshahi compared with in Mymensingh. The reproductive parameters are almost similar between confined and the traditional management system if the farms are well managed.

The main objectives of the study were to determine the present status of fish biodiversity and socio-economic condition of fishermen in Belai beel during February 2016 to September 2016 by survey method using questionnaires, field visit and interviewing with the fishermen. The results indicated that about 27 species of fish fauna were found in the Belai beel, among them 23 species were indigenous and 4 species were exotic. Major dominant species were Rui (Labeo rohita), Catla (Catla catla), Bata (Labeo bata), Shingi (Heteropeneustes fossilis), Magur (Clarius batrachus), Tengra (Mystus tengra), Chanda (Chanda nama), Kakila (Xenentodon cancila), Common carp (Cyprinus carpio), Mola (Amblypharyngodon mola) in the study area. During the study period two critically endangered (Puntius sarana, Pangasius pangasius), two endangered (Labeo bata, Channa marulius), and three vulnerable (Chanda nama, Channa orientalis, Notopterus notopterus) fish species were found in the Belai beel. Analysis of socio-economic condition of fishermen showed that maximum (70%) had nuclear family and others (30%) had joint family, as well as fishermen, belonged to the age groups of 31 to 40 years (50%) and the others were 15 to 30 (20%), 41 to 50 (18%), 51 to 60 (10%), 61 to70 (2%). Overall, the present study suggested that fishermen communities should be educated by creating awareness for the proper conservation, management, and enhancement of biodiversity in the Belaibeel.

The methanolic extracts of five aerial parts of Moringa oleifera Lam were screened for their antibacterial, antibiofilm and hemolytic activity. The phytochemical screening of the methanolic extracts of aerial parts was also evaluated. The antibacterial, antibiofilm activity of the extracts of various aerial parts of M. oleifera was evaluated by disc diffusion and micro titer plate assay method against two selected bacterial species. Hemolytic activity of the methanolic extracts was screened against normal human erythrocytes. Comparatively the methanolic extracts of  all aerial parts  were more effective against Gram positive bacteria Bacillus subtilis and Gram  negative bacteria Escherichia coli (E. coli). The present study suggests that all aerial parts of this plant  can be used as an antibacterial, anti-biofilm agent in treating ailments caused by the tested organisms (Bacillus subtilis and Escherichia coli). Methanolic extracts of aerial parts possessed minimum hemolytic activity. Significant antimicrobial, antibiofilm activity of the extract was found in this study.

In this study, the effects of the supplementation of lamb rations with Yucca schidigera powder (YSP) on water activity, pH, lipid peroxidation, oxidation of colour parameters and microbial counts in the Musculus gluteo biceps and Musculus longissimus dorsi were investigated. Three groups were established, namely, the Control group fed on a basal ration and Groups YSPI and YSPII given a basal ration added 100 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg of Yucca schidigera powder, respectively. YSP affected pH and lipid peroxidation in the gluteo biceps and longissimus dorsi muscles, L* (Lightness) in the former and L* and a* (redness) in the latter. YSP reduced Enterobacteriaceae and total mesophilic aerobic bacteria counts in both muscles, while its effects on total psychrotrophic aerobic bacteria, Micrococcus/Staphylococcus, Staphylococcus aureus, yeast and mold counts varied. Prolonged storage negatively affected the quality of both muscles, but YSP provided significant amelioration. Dietary supplementation with YSP improved meat quality and shelf life.

The study was undertaken to characterize of Black Bengal Goat (BBG) under farming condition. Data on the different parameters were collected during July 2006 to June 2013 at BLRI goat research farm. A total of 299 animals of different ages from birth to 36 months of both sexes were included. All type of measurements were taken when goats standing freely. All measurements were taken in metric unit. Data were analyzed by SPSS version 17.0 statistical computer program. In BLRI goat herd, four different types of coat color were observed in BBG i.e. Black, Black and white, Black and brown and completely white. Body length is higher in males than that of females for all generation and age group. Male goats had higher heart girth than that of female goats irrespective of age and generations. Average adult (>24 months age) body weight of male and female goats as 29.9±1.76 and 23.6±0.81 kg, respectively. Wither height was higher in adult males than females for same age. Left and right horn length in both sexes ranged from 3.6 to 13.2 cm. Female goats had higher ear length than male goats. Tail length of Black Bengal goats ranged from 8.0±0.52 to 11.1±0.43 cm and tail breadth ranged from 2.1±0.10 to 3.6±0.43 cm for different age and sex group. Average male foreleg length in >24 months of age possessed higher than that of female. Average udder length and breadth of BBGs were 7.5±0.24, 11.7±0.44 and 14.3±0.46 and 5.9±0.16, 7.4±0.28 and 7.8±0.23 cm, respectively for age groups 6-12, 12-24 and >24 months of age. The average testis length and breadth in adult males were 9.1±0.18, 7.5±0.48 and 9.8±0.49 and 6.8±0.13, 5.2±0.27 and 6.3±0.32, cm respectively for 6-12, 12-24 and >24 months of ages groups.

In this study, 15 isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa were recovered in Cetrimide agar medium from aseptically collected swab samples. Antibiotic susceptibility test revealed highest resistance against Rifampicin (100%) followed by Penicillin (80%), Erythromycin (73.33%), Cephalosporin group (13.33-60%) and Aminoglycoside group (26.67%). The most effective group of antibiotic was Carbapenem with 6.67% resistance. Among 15 isolates, 3 were having highest Multiple Antibiotic Resistance (MAR) index were identified as Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P₁, P₂ and P₃) by API^®20NE microbial identification kit. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the isolates P₁, P₂ and P₃ was 3.05µg/mL, 0.76µg/mL and 3.05µg/mL for Meropenem whereas for Ceftriaxone it was 12.207µg/mL, 12.207µg/mL and 781.25µg/mL, respectively. Minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of Meropenem and Ceftriaxone was same for the isolates P₁ and P₂ i.e., 48.83µg/mL and 195.313µg/mL, respectively but in case of P₃ it was 781.25µg/mL for both antibiotics. In case of 70% ethanol, the MIC and MBC was 1:4 dilutions (for isolate P₃, MBC was 1:2 dilutions) whereas for Savlon^®, MIC and MBC was 1% and 2% solution, respectively. All of the three isolates were biofilm former according to test tube assay and microtitre plate assay whereas modified congo red agar assay indicated only one isolate as biofilm former. The results suggest that post-operative wound infection may serve as a reservoir for multidrug resistant biofilm forming P. aeruginosa which may complicate the treatment regime unless proper treatment ensured based on antibiotic/antiseptic susceptibility test.

Acute coronary syndrome (ACS) is a leading cause of death among people in Bangladesh. The aim of the study was to analyze the clinical course and treatment strategies in patients with ACS and to determine to what extent management of ACS in a tertiary care general hospital in Bangladesh adhered to current guidelines. This study was carried out in the coronary care unit (CCU) of a tertiary care general hospital, Rajshahi, for a period of 3-months. A total number of 240 patients presenting with ACS were included in our study and the most common symptoms were acute chest pain (90%) and dyspnea (49%). The study group comprised of 27% female and 73% male patients with varying risk factors including hypertension (45%), hyperlipidemia (43%), family records of coronary artery disease (CAD) (20%), diabetes (17%) and smoking (15%). The most frequent ECG finding in patients was T wave change (71%), pathological Q wave (67%), ST segment elevation (33%), ST depression (9%), whereas, 12% patients with ACS reported to have normal ECG. Patients with ACS had elevated levels of SGOT and CK-MB. Troponin I level was positive in 100% of the patients with a mean peak troponin level of 1.5± 0.15ng/ml. In clinical setting, the patients were immediately managed with isosorbidedinitrate (58%), streptokinase (40%) and intravenous heparin (LMWH) followed by (46%) and (54%) of aspirin and aspirin-clopidogrel combinations respectively. In addition, long-term management with antihypertensive included -blocker (58%), calcium channel blocker (29%), ACE-I (25%) and diuretics (12%). Anti-diabetic (18%) drugs were also prescribed in patients with co-existing diabetes and CAD. Adherence to guidelines is limited by lack of funds and resources in the hospital; however, attention must be paid to improve patient outcome. The average hospital stay ranges 2-3 days and hospital mortality was 10%.

Diabetes mellitus, a chronic, debilitating disease, is associated with a range of severe complications which include cardiovascular disease, renal disease and blindness. Demographic and epidemiological evidences suggest that the incidence of diabetes is increasing worldwide. Diabetes mellitus in people of all ages is reaching epidemic proportions in Bangladesh. The main objective of this cross sectional study was carried out to evaluate that nutritional status of the diabetic patients influence by socio-economic level, dietary habits and physical activity.A total of 282 diabetic outpatients were recruited using Simple Random Sampling technique from three referral diabetic centers namely-Kushtia Diabetic Shomity, Bheramara Diabetic Shomity and Diabetic Shomity Kumarkhali, Kushtia, Bangladesh. The nutritional status of each participant was screened. Direct method of nutritional assessment including anthropometric measurement, biochemical measurement, clinical assessment and dietary method was carried out. Socio economic data were also collected. Data were analyzed using the computer program Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 22.The result reveals that 51.1% (n=144) of the total participants were male and 48.9% (n=138) were female. About 28.4% population studied were between 51-60 years, 94.7% married, 44.7% were unemployed and 50.4% were resided in urban area. Based on Body Mass Index (BMI), mean BMI of male was 23.32 ± 3.47 and that of female was 25.83 ± 4.46, half of the respondents (48.9%) had an acceptable nutritional status with a BMI between 18.5-24.9 (62.3% male; 37.7% female) whilst 4.6% of the respondents were underweight with BIMs below 18.5. The female who were observed were 22 (88.0%) and the male were 3 (12.0%) showing a very great prevalence of obesity (BMI more than 30.0). Study showed that 98 (34.7%) respondents bear diabetes from their family and 147 (52.1%) respondents have family history of hypertension The mean blood hemoglobin level was 12.49±1.47g/dl, in which male hemoglobin level was 12.85±1.48g/dl and of female was 12.11±1.36g/dl. The result shows that about 29.8% (n=84) patients had no formal education; among them more were female 65.5% (n=55). More of the patient (50.7%) had family member of 4-6. About 33.0% of the studied patients were low-income level (25.9% were from upper-lower and 7.1% were from lower socio-economic status). Among 37.6% (n=106) overweight (BMI 25.0-29.9) diabetic patients more were female 56.6% (n=60) and 55.7% (n=59) were unemployed. So, female sex, lower educational status, more family member, low monthly family income group and unemployment are associated with malnutrition. Unemployed housewives represented to have both extremes of nutritional status- under nutrition and over nutrition. In the study, most of the patient 126 (44.7%) were unemployed, among them almost all the patient 124 (98.4%) were female. Diabetic care seeking by rural people and female appeared encouraging emphasizing the need of decentralization of diabetic care center to periphery.

Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) is a highly contagious viral disease of the chicken. It is possibly the most economically important viral respiratory disease of chicken after Avian Influenza and Newcastle disease. The virus also affects the female reproductive tract, causing poor quality of egg and loss of egg production. The study was conducted in four types of chicken (broiler, layer, sonali and Deshi) from 7 sub-districts under 4 districts of Bangladesh. Total 833 blood samples from 103 farms were collected and subjected to indirect ELISA test by commercially available IBV ELISA kits to detect specific antibodies against IBV. In overall 59.30% seroprevalence observed, 23.82% was found in broiler, 97.87% in layer, 71.83% in sonali and 83.46% in Deshi types of chickens. Broiler samples showed lowest seroprevalence with high CV (CV%=171.38), among them 76.18% were not seroconvert because of high maternal antibody or poor vaccine response. Layers showed highest seroprevalence with CV% 58.86 that is 18.00% chickens shows titer above 14000 which indicated field infection. Deshi chickens were not commercially vaccinated even though they had high seroprevalence rates 83.46% with mean titer 5333 and CV% 79.88, indicating that IBV is circulating as endemic diseases in the selected areas. Sonali chickens now reared as commercial chicken, have lower seroprevalence rates with mean titer 3160, CV% 128.39 indicating that these birds were not properly vaccinated as they required. To prevent the flocks from IBV, live and attenuated vaccination is required according to circulating strains.

A total of nine Repeat Breeder (RB) cows consisting three cows in each of the three treatment groups were selected at farmer’s house of Nukali village of Sahjadpur Upazila under Sirajgonj district to know the feeding effect of concentrate feed on reproductive efficiency of RB cows. Concentrate feeds were given to the RB cows based on their body weight and milk production. Same management like housing, watering and quantity of green grasses and straw were ensured during the experimental period. Heat detection of cow was done by Draminski Estrous Detector (DRAMINSKI) to perform artificial insemination in standing heat period. Experimental diet samples were tested for chemical compositions in the laboratories.  Data were statistically analyzed by the computer software program of SPSS. Days open or calving to conception interval were 13.00±3.51, 9.33±1.20 and 15.33±1.45 months for treatment group T₁, T₂ and T_3, respectively. All experimental cows (100%) of treatment group one (T₁) were become pregnant whereas no cows (0%) were conceived in treatment group (T₃). Mean conception rate of all experimental cows was 0.56±0.18 with no significant difference. The results from the present study showed that dietary status of crossbred dairy cow can improve the reproductive efficiency like the conception rate RB cows. It’s would be concluded that diet containing optimum level of CP, Ca and P might be played a vital role for maximum conception rate of RB cows which clearly indicates the dietary intervention effect for improving the breeding efficiency of repeat breeder cows.

The Geographic area of this study was 5 selected unions of Kalihati upazila in Tangail district. A total number of 50 broiler farmers were interviewed to conduct the study. The objective of the study was to know the current vaccination and medication status in the study area. The information that collected from the respondents were age, education, main occupation, family members, training, annual income, number of broiler in each batch, name of broiler strain, mortality rate, vaccination practicing rate, current situation of antibiotic and growth promoter use, use of footbath, use of disinfectant for spraying in inside and outside of the farm, percentage of antibiotic and feed withdraw rate before marketing of broiler, source of vaccine and medicine at farmer level, consultants of the farmers for vaccine and medicine specially antibiotic use, vaccination and medication cost in a batch. Commonly used vaccine and medicine list with their company name were also collected from the study area market. A correlation table was prepared to determine the relationship among some variables; education Vs age, education Vs income, income Vs no of broiler in a batch, education Vs antibiotic withdraw, income Vs antibiotic withdraw. Significant negative correlations (p<0.01) was found only with age Vs education and other all variables were positively and significantly correlated. The problems related to present vaccination and medication service and their probable solution suggested by broiler farmers were also focused in this study.