Herbs orchestrate resurgence and vegetal awakening is supervened everywhere in the world. Medicinal plants always played an important role in the health development of mankind. Piper longum provides us new lead molecules for the development of drugs against various pharmacological targets. Plants included in this family are annual and persistent herbs or shrubs, indigenous to northern moderate stretch of the world. Piper longum is well known for its medicinal and pharmaceutical importance.  In this review studies we will want to explore the various pharmacological properties of Piper longum in Unani system of medicine. Evidence suggests that various listed of Unani Medicine formulated with the Piper longum among these few are tablet, capsule, syrup and semi-solid etc. The primary constituents isolated from various parts of P. longum are piperine, piperlongumine, sylvatin, sesamin, diaeudesmin piperlonguminine, pipermonaline, and piperundecalidine. It is most commonly used to treat chronic bronchitis, asthma, constipation, gonorrhea, paralysis of the tongue, diarrhea, cholera, chronic malaria, viral hepatitis, respiratory infections, stomachache, bronchitis, diseases of the spleen, cough, and tumors. This study provides detailed information about the P. longum fruit, including phytochemistry, pharmacological profile and safety profile.

Ginger is commonly used herb across the world either in a meal or in herbal products. The chemical constituents of ginger possess antioxidants, can modulate apoptosis, inhibit vascular endothelial growth factor and inhibit inflammatory reactions. The main aim of this study is to assess the antimicrobial activity of the ginger extracts. For this purpose, ginger rhizome (R), packaged ginger powder (P) and ginger leaves (L) were collected from Urlabari, Morang and Kathmandu, Nepal. The plant materials were first minced (except P) and then extracted using cold extraction technique. For assessing the antimicrobial activity of the extracts against the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) strains, cup well method was preferred. The percentage yield of extracts R, P, L and ginger rhizome’s juice (J) was 10.79 ± 0.03 %, 9.76 ± 0.16 %, 8.17 ± 0.07 % and 16.8 ± 1.98 % respectively. The extract R were found to susceptible against the pathogens Streptococcus pneumoniae, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). The extract P were found to susceptible against the pathogens E. coli, S. aureus and MRSA. The methanol extract of L was found to be susceptible to S. aureus, K. pneumoniae and MRSA. All the extracts (R, P, L) were reistant against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. All 6 bacterial isolates were resistant against the extract J. The extract shows antimicrobial property only when the extract is concentrated. The ginger leaves also have antimicrobial property.

The study evaluated the effects of two selected chemicals; methylene blue and saline on bacterial load in transport-water containing monosex tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) fry. Fish fry was collected from a private hatchery located in Trishal upazilla, Mymensingh. A total of approximately 550 fry were added in each polyethylene bag containing water and transported to the Fish Disease Laboratory of the Department of Aquaculture, Bangladesh Agricultural University (BAU) for analysis. Two different concentrations of chemicals like 1 and 2 ppm methylene blue, 1 and 2 ppt saline and combination of the both were used. Samplings were done at 0, 4, 8 hours interval to determine the bacterial load in transport-water. Both methylene blue and saline were found effective in reducing bacterial load in water during transportation. The combined use of saline and methylene blue showed better result than the chemicals used individually in terms of final bacterial load. A gradual increase in bacterial load with time was found in control water having no chemicals (T₀). In T₁ (1 ppm methylene blue used) and T₂ (2 ppm methylene blue used) the mean bacterial loads were 1.03±0.5×10⁷ cfu/ml and 5.00±2×10⁷ cfu/ml respectively. Similarly mean bacterial loads of 4.48±1.5×10⁶ cfu/ml and 3.43±2.7×10⁶ cfu/ml were obtained with 1 and 2 ppt saline (T₃ and T₄) respectively. Whereas combined use of 1 ppm methylene blue and 1 ppt saline (T₅) end up with the mean bacterial load of 2.94±2.5×10⁶ cfu/ml after 8 hours of exposure. It was 2.95±2.7×10⁶ cfu/ml when the dose was doubled (T₆). The highest percentage of mortality was found in control water in every sampling period. Water quality parameters like temperature, pH, and dissolved oxygen decreased after 8 hours of transportation. The experiment revealed that the combined low dose of methylene blue and saline can be recommended for transportation of tilapia fry.

The experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of supplementing different levels of molasses and concentrates mix with a basal diet of cultivated pasture hay on intake, body weight and carcass quality of Afar sheep. Twenty four yearling Afar sheep, grouped in to four groups of six animals each in a randomized complete block design. The experiment consisted of four months feeding trial each group will receive the experimental feeds. Treatments were mixed concentrate + 20% inclusion molasses (T₁), mixed concentrate + 15% inclusion molasses (T₂), mixed concentrate + 10% inclusion molasses (T₃) and 0% inclusion (T₄). In this experiment with mean initial weight of 15.9±0.39 kg (mean ± SD), 16.2 ±0.41 kg, 16.3±0.42k.g and 16.1kg±0.42 respectively, were used in each treatment group. The experiment was consisted of 90 days of feeding trial followed by carcass evaluation. The concentrate mix were 2:1 (wheat bran and cotton seed cake) The CP content of the panicum antidotale hay, concentrate mix and molasses were 95g/kg DM, 252g/kg DM, and 38.4g/kg, respectively. Hay DM intake was did not differ (P<0.05) among all treatments.  Average daily weight gain (ADG) was higher (P<0.05) for T₂ (69.59g/kg) compared to other treatments. Hot carcass weight also higher (P<0.05) for T₂ (14.41kg). Weight gains 12.31kg, 13.83kg, 11.25kg and 10.26kg for Tx₁, Tx₂, Tx₃ and Tx₄, respectively). All Carcass parameters gave advantage (P<0.01) to Tx2. From the present study, it can be concluded that Tx₂ sheep performed better than Tx_1, Tx_3, and Tx₄ in terms of body weight gain, Feed intake, and carcass parameters.

This study was carried out to evaluate the microbial quality of raw milk and water samples taken at four different local shops in Maijdee area (Noakhali District), Bangladesh. Milk is a valuable food-stuff consumed on daily basis and is highly prone to bacterial contamination. Contamination with pathogenic microorganisms is most alarming for potable water and hence it is needed to detect the bacterial contamination in local drinking water. Microbiological quality of milk samples was analyzed using Total Viable Bacterial Count (TVBC), Total Coliform Count (TCC) and Yeast-mold Count techniques. Critical hygienic indicator for food and foodstuffs is total microbial load. Compare to four stores, store 3 shows the high contamination value in milk samples (TVC 12.48×10⁵ cfu/ml, TCC 6.4×10⁵ cfu/ml, yeast- mold count 3.48×10² cfu/ml and 4.85×10² cfu/ml) whereas store 1 is liable to water samples (TVC 12.09×10⁵ cfu/ml, TCC 4.81×10⁵ cfu/ml, yeast- mold count 2.7×10² cfu/ml and 2.24×10² cfu/ml). These outcomes accentuate applying and sustaining proper hygiene practice throughout the manufacturing and distribution to prevent health risks of the rural people.

The study was executed in Noakhali sadar (urban) and Subarnachar upazil (rural) to determine the drinking water quality and sanitation facilities. The baseline data was collected based on questionnaire survey. And the physicochemical and ionic constituents of drinking water were determined by analyzing water samples. The result showed that in rural areas about 87.5% families utilized tube-well water and the rest used polluted pond water, while in the urban areas, 91% families utilized supplied water by paying monthly. The sanitation situation in the rural area was not at satisfactory level. The mean values of several critical parameters from the two areas (rural and urban) were found to be the following. pH values were 7.10 and 7.63, respectively. Electric conductivity was found to be 530.17 and 768.76 µS/cm, respectively. Salinity value was 0.23 and 0.35 ppt, respectively. Total dissolved solid (TDS) was found to be 264.91 and 372.82 ppm, respectively. Elemental composition of the sampled water from the two areas were also obtained. Mean values of the amount of dissolved oxygen (DO) from the two areas were found to be 7.24 and 7.52 mg/l, respectively. Among the other elements, amount of phosphorus was 0.55 and 0.46 ppm, potassium was 43.82 and 35.82 mg/l, sulfate was 10.03 and 1.00 mg/l, chloride was 42.15 and 149.95 mg/l, and iron was 5.57 and 1.30 mg/l, respectively. It is clear that the drinking water quality for both areas was not good for direct consumption. The situation in the rural areas is worse than that in the urban areas.

The Pabna is one of the potential local cattle breeds in Bangladesh regarding milk production and its nutritive quality. The aim of the study was to know the effect of lactation length, parity and management on production performance and nutritional/physiochemical composition of the milk of local Pabna cows. Besides the regular milking, 15 days’ interval test day milking was recorded from 12 local Pabna cows with different lactation period (up to fifth month of calving) from BLRI Regional Station, Baghabari during January-September, 2018. In addition, 12 and 16 milk samples (200 ml/sample) were collected from the cows raised at BLRI Regional Station and the community of Dairy Development Research Project at Bera, Pabna district during June, 2018, respectively. Data were analyzed in an ANOVA of Completely Randomized Design and independent sample t-test, respectively, using SAS version 9.1.3 (SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC, USA) including Tukey’s HSD post hoc test to separate means. The average daily milk yield was significantly (p<0.05) higher during the first month (4.62 L) of lactation and the lowest value recorded at 5^th month (3.50 L). Among the test days milking better yield observed at 15 days (4.79 L) of experimental lactation period (p<0.05). The effect of lactation stages and parity number had no significant variations (p>0.05) on nutrient compositions of local Pabna cows’ milk in both on-station and community. However, the overall characteristics of milk between on-station and community had significant differences on the composition of total solids (p<0.001), SNF (p<0.001), fat (p<0.01), and protein (p<0.05) where the highest values found as 14.81, 8.65, 6.17 and 3.53% at on-station, respectively. The first month of lactation observed as best milk producing period among the five months and the management system had positive association with milk composition of local Pabna cows.

This study was aimed to identify the phenotypic features of local Pabna calves including their growth trait attributes at BLRI Regional Station, Baghabari. Data on different phenotypic measurements and growth traits were collected from 12 half sib Pabna baby calves. Each calf was allowed to drink 10% of milk for individual’s body weight from respective dam. Data analyses were conducted following independent sample t-test and one-way ANOVA using SAS 9.1.3 (SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC, USA). Although significant differences observed in body weight (p<0.001), body length (p<0.05), heart girth (p<0.05) and mouth circumference (p<0.05) based on two types of birth weight groups in calves (<20 kg and ≥20 kg) but there were limited effects observed in the baby calves at three months except head length (p<0.05) considering dam’s body weights. Observed growth rate has no variations (p>0.05) in baby calves. This study revealed that half sib calves originated from the same sire had similar morphological features and growth in the early stage while dams’ body weight had limited effects on those aspects.

A study was conducted for identification of pathogenic bacteria from Thai koi (Anabas testudineus) and an experimental infection test was run for identifying the actual causative agent of the infection. Due to perform the experiment, the fish sample was collected from different fish farm located in Fulbari, Dinajpur to the Microbiology lab of the HSTU-Dnajpur campus and placed in tray for taking sample from different infected part such as gill, slime, muscle, fin of the fish by using wire loop then these were taking in the nutrient ager medium for observing the culture of bacteria. After then specific culture media, Salmonella-Shigella media, Mannitol salt agar media, Mac-Conkey (MaC) agar media and Eosin Methylene Blue media were used for observing specific bacterial characteristics. Then biochemical tests, Methyl red (MR), Voges-proskaure test, Triple sugar iron test, Indole test were performed for bacterial identification. As a result Salmonella spp., Shigella spp., Klebshiella spp. and Staphylococcus spp. were confirmed. Catalase test and Simon citrate test was also performed. Then Grams staining method was followed for microscopic observation of identified bacteria. Then experimental infection test was performed in Aquaculture lab by setting up 5 aquarium holding fresh fish. The fresh water and identified bacteria were added specifically to the aquarium and it was continued for 15 days for observing infectious symptoms. After 15 days the fish with Salmonella spp. and Staphylococcus spp. were showed infectious symptoms but other did not any change in physical appearance. So it can be said that Staphylococcus spp. and Salmonella spp. are able to show ulcerative symptoms in Thai koi (Anabas testudineus) that is a bacterial infection.

Laying aside manure meat, milk and egg is considered as key performance indicator of livestock farm profitability of Bangladesh till yet whereas manure contains minimum 45-55% feed nutrient fed to animals. A survey based research work was conveyed to find out the major channel of using this valuable livestock manure by farmers from twelve selected district of Bangladesh. Results showed that most of the cattle and buffalo farmers prefer solid storage system to manage their manure. From this stored manure, about 35% was used forland fertilization, 47% for burning fuel preparation, 8% for composting and remaining 10% become completely wasted. A very few of cattle manure (4.65) was utilized by the care of anaerobic digestion. But this improved system was completely absent in case of buffalo and small ruminants manure management. Dung produced from small ruminants fully goes for solid piling. About 20% of poultry manure managed in improved way and the remaining portion was mostly utilized in a very disparage way. In anaerobic digestion system, the produced gas went for home consumption and bio-slurry creates havoc for both farmer and environment. Land fertilization and aquaculture coves its utilization but the amount is too low compared to its production. Above 52% of total bio-slurry become wasted due to limited knowledge and lack of appropriate handling techniques. The scenario of urine and liquid slurry management was very melancholic. About 0.37 and 0.203 kg methane emission per head per year was calculated from solid storage system of cattle and small ruminant animal manure. The value is also high in burning fuel preparation (5.46 kg) and liquid slurry (5.81 kg) and a bit low in anaerobic digestion system (1.24 kg) per head per year.

Efficient utilization of crop residues is an alternative way to overcome feed shortage for livestock feeding. Hence, an experiment was conducted to determine the effect on nutrient intake, milk yield, nutrient digestibility and rumen parameters of total mixed ration (TMR) as mash or block form in comparison to conventional feeding system for a period of 45 days. Accoding to CRD 18 RCC early milking cows (Bos indicus) having average daily milk yield of 3.20±0.14 L/d and divided into three treatment groups. Existing feeding practice at the farm was considered as control group (T₀) fed Napier-3 adlib. and concentrate mixture. In another two groups, animals fed TMR, where one fed as block (T₁) and another as mash form (T₂) with the same roughage and concentrate combination (50:50). All diets contained 16% CP. To determine digestibility of supplied feed, a digestibility trial at the middle of the feeding trial was conducted and also to study the rumen environment (pH, TVFA, NH₃-N), rumen liquors were collected at post feeding intervals of 3, 6, 12, 24 and 36h. Study revealed that fresh feed intakes were significantly (p<0.001) higher in T₀. DMI and CPI were significantly (p<0.001) higher in T₁ group. Significantly (p<0.05) highest milk yields were obtained in T₁ (3.6 l/d) and T₂ (3.49 l/d) and lowest in T₀ (3.35l/d). Milk fat (p<0.001) and SNF (p<0.05) were significantly higher T₁ and T₂. Except ADF, digestibility for most of the nutrient was significantly higher in T₁ and T₂ than T₀. Total volatile fatty acids (TVFA) and ammonia-nitrogen (NH₃-N) were significantly (p<0.01) higher in T₁ and T₂ groups than that of T₀ group. Finally, it may be concluded that TMR, either in block or mash form gives better results in terms of milk yield, milk composition, digestibility and concentration of TVFA and NH₃-N.

The experiment was conducted to visualize the effect of exogenous aspirin on tomato production in aquaponic system. Aspirin, a derivative of salicylic acid, acts as a potential non-enzymatic antioxidant and plant growth promoter, hence regulates plant physiology. The experiment employed three treatments (T) with three replications (R) each where, 60 ppm and 120 ppm aspirin were used in T₁ and T_2, respectively and T_con was control with no aspirin. Media filled plastic containers (0.29m×0.30m×0.21m) as growbeds and plastic tanks of 120 liter capacity as fish tank were installed to construct each aquaponic systems indicating each replication. Tilapia, was stocked at 111 fish /m³ in the fish tank and fed commercial floating feed containing 30% protein at the rate of 3% body weight twice daily. In each replication, two tomato saplings were planted. Fish tank water was oxygenated with a 10 watt air pump, then waste water from tank was pumped to grow bed with a 12 watt submersible pump. Survival rates were 70, 85 and 50% in T₁, T₂ and T_con respectively. While fish productions were 0.42, 0.34 and 40.49 (kg/m²/60 days) in T₁, T₂ and T_con respectively. The water quality parameters were within the suitable ranges for tilapia as well as tomato in the aquaponic system. Foliar spray of aspirin was applied fortnightly. Tomato production was hampered with various diseases in all the treatments although the aspirin treated plant (T₁ and T₂) were free from few diseases. The highest tomato production was found 0.44 kg/m²/60 days in T₂ followed by T₁ (0.42 kg/m²/60 days) and T_con (0.34 kg/m²/60 days). Noticeably, Plant growth and tomato production were higher in T₂ and T₁ with less disease prevalence than T_con, suggesting positive impacts of aspirin on tomato. However, further research is needed to justify the aspirin doses at user level.

Salt stress is one of the most subversive abiotic stress which severely affects the agricultural productivity in various ways. The pot experiment was conducted at the Horticulture Farm of Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka during the period from November 2017 to April 2018. BARI Tomato-5 was used as planting material. The two factors experiment was laid out in RCBD with four replications. Five levels of salinity induced by sodium (Na+) viz., 0, 2, 4, 6 and 8 dS m^-1 and three levels of Ca²⁺ viz., 0, 5 and 10 mM were used as treatment variables. The results of this experiment showed that, the salt stress reduced the yield parameters and yield of tomato with the increase of salinity. The lowest data was recorded from 8 dS m^-1 and highest value was observed at control. The present results also showed that, Ca²⁺ significantly increased the yield contributing characters as well as yield of tomato in both saline and non-saline conditions. However, for combined effect, highest number of fruits plant^-1 (50.8) and the highest yield plant^-1  (3.88 kg) was produced from 0 dS m^-1 Na x 10 mM Ca²⁺; whereas the lowest from 8 dS m^-1 x 0 mM Ca²⁺_. This result suggests that, exogenous Ca²⁺ can effectively mitigate the deleterious effect of salt stress in tomato.